More Than Words?: A Test of the Effect of Emotionally Charged Photographs

Arpan, Laura M.; Baker, Kaysee; Lee, Youngwon; Jung, Taejin; Lorusso, Lori & Smith, Jason (2006). News Coverage of Social Protests and the Effects of Photographs and Prior Attitudes. Mass Communication and Society, 9(1): 1–20. ArpanLaura M BakerKaysee LeeYoungwon JungTaejin LorussoLori SmithJason 2006 News Coverage of Social Protests and the Effects of Photographs and Prior Attitudes Mass Communication and Society 9 1 1 20 10.1207/s15327825mcs0901_1 Search in Google Scholar

Arpan, Laura M. & Tüzünkan, Firat (2011). Photographic Depiction of Normative Deviance and Informational Utility as Predictors of Protest News Exposure, Related Perceptions, and Story Comprehension. Mass Communication and Society, 14(2): 178–195. ArpanLaura M TüzünkanFirat 2011 Photographic Depiction of Normative Deviance and Informational Utility as Predictors of Protest News Exposure, Related Perceptions, and Story Comprehension Mass Communication and Society 14 2 178 195 10.1080/15205431003650486 Search in Google Scholar

Barthes, Roland (1977). Image, Music, Text. London: Fontana Press. BarthesRoland 1977 Image, Music, Text London Fontana Press Search in Google Scholar

Benford, Robert D. & Snow, David A. (2000). Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26: 611–639. BenfordRobert D SnowDavid A 2000 Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment Annual Review of Sociology 26 611 639 10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611 Search in Google Scholar

Biggs, Michael (2005). Dying without Killing: Self-immolations, 1963–2002, pp. 173–208 in Gambetta, Diego (ed.) Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. BiggsMichael 2005 Dying without Killing: Self-immolations, 1963–2002 173 208 in GambettaDiego (ed.) Making Sense of Suicide Missions Oxford Oxford University Press 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276998.003.0005 Search in Google Scholar

Brantner, Cornelia; Lobinger, Katharina & Wetzstein, Irmgard (2011). Effects of Visual Framing on Emotional Responses and Evaluation of News Stories about the Gaza Conflict 2009. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 88(3): 523–540. BrantnerCornelia LobingerKatharina WetzsteinIrmgard 2011 Effects of Visual Framing on Emotional Responses and Evaluation of News Stories about the Gaza Conflict 2009 Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 88 3 523 540 10.1177/107769901108800304 Search in Google Scholar

Burt, Christopher D. & Strongman, Karl (2005). Use of Images in Charity Advertising: Improving Donations and Compliance Rates. International Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 8(8): 571–580. BurtChristopher D StrongmanKarl 2005 Use of Images in Charity Advertising: Improving Donations and Compliance Rates International Journal of Organisational Behaviour 8 8 571 580 Search in Google Scholar

Chang, Chun-Tuan & Lee, Yu-Kang (2009). Framing Charity Advertising: Influences of Message Framing, Image Valence, and Temporal Framing on a Charitable Appeal. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(12): 2910–2935. ChangChun-Tuan LeeYu-Kang 2009 Framing Charity Advertising: Influences of Message Framing, Image Valence, and Temporal Framing on a Charitable Appeal Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39 12 2910 2935 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00555.x Search in Google Scholar

Chong, Dennis & Druckman, James (2010). Dynamic Public Opinion. American Political Science Review, 104(4): 663–680. ChongDennis DruckmanJames 2010 Dynamic Public Opinion American Political Science Review 104 4 663 680 10.1017/S0003055410000493 Search in Google Scholar

Corrigall-Brown, Catherine & Wilkes, Rima (2012). Picturing Protest: The Visual Framing of Collective Action by First Nations in Canada. American Behavioral Scientist, 56(2): 223–243. Corrigall-BrownCatherine WilkesRima 2012 Picturing Protest: The Visual Framing of Collective Action by First Nations in Canada American Behavioral Scientist 56 2 223 243 10.1177/0002764211419357 Search in Google Scholar

Doerr, Nicole; Mattoni, Alice & Teune, Simon (2013). Towards a Visual Analysis of Social Movements, Conflict, and Mobilization. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change, 35: xi–xxvi. DoerrNicole MattoniAlice TeuneSimon 2013 Towards a Visual Analysis of Social Movements, Conflict, and Mobilization Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change 35 xi xxvi 10.1108/S0163-786X(2013)0000035004 Search in Google Scholar

Domke, David; Perlmutter, David & Spratt, Meg (2002). The Primes of Our Times? An Examination of the ‘Power’ of Visual Images. Journalism, 3(2): 131–159. DomkeDavid PerlmutterDavid SprattMeg 2002 The Primes of Our Times? An Examination of the ‘Power’ of Visual Images Journalism 3 2 131 159 10.1177/146488490200300211 Search in Google Scholar

D’Orazio, Francesco (2015). Journey of an Image: From a Beach in Bodrum to Twenty Million Screens Around the World, pp. 11–18 in Vis, Farida & Goriunova, Olga (eds.) The Iconic Image on Social Media: A Rapid Research Response to the Death of Aylan Kurdi. Visual Social Media Lab. D’OrazioFrancesco 2015 Journey of an Image: From a Beach in Bodrum to Twenty Million Screens Around the World 11 18 in VisFarida GoriunovaOlga (eds.) The Iconic Image on Social Media: A Rapid Research Response to the Death of Aylan Kurdi Visual Social Media Lab Search in Google Scholar

Druckman, James N. & Leeper, Thomas J. (2012). Learning More from Political Communication Experiments: Pretreatment and Its Effects. American Journal of Political Science, 56(4): 875–896. DruckmanJames N LeeperThomas J 2012 Learning More from Political Communication Experiments: Pretreatment and Its Effects American Journal of Political Science 56 4 875 896 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00582.x Search in Google Scholar

Druckman, James N.; Green, Donald P.; Kuklinski, James H. & Lupia, Arthur (2011). Experiments: An Introduction to Core Concepts, pp. 15–27 in Druckman, James N.; Green, Donald P.; Kuklinski, James H. & Lupia, Arthur (eds.) Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DruckmanJames N GreenDonald P KuklinskiJames H LupiaArthur 2011 Experiments: An Introduction to Core Concepts 15 27 in DruckmanJames N GreenDonald P KuklinskiJames H LupiaArthur (eds.) Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science Cambridge Cambridge University Press 10.1017/CBO9780511921452.002 Search in Google Scholar

Dyck, Evelyn J. & Coldevin, Gary (1992). Using Positive vs. Negative Photographs for Third-World Fund Raising. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 69(3): 572–579. DyckEvelyn J ColdevinGary 1992 Using Positive vs. Negative Photographs for Third-World Fund Raising Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 69 3 572 579 10.1177/107769909206900305 Search in Google Scholar

Entman, Robert M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4): 51–58. EntmanRobert M 1993 Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm Journal of Communication 43 4 51 58 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x Search in Google Scholar

Gamliel, Eyal & Kreiner, Hamutal (2013). Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? The Interaction of Visual Display and Attribute Representation in Attenuating Framing Bias. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4): 482–491. GamlielEyal KreinerHamutal 2013 Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? The Interaction of Visual Display and Attribute Representation in Attenuating Framing Bias Judgment and Decision Making 8 4 482 491 Search in Google Scholar

Geise, Stephanie & Baden, Christian (2015). Putting the Image Back into the Frame: Modeling the Linkage Between Visual Communication and Frame-Processing Theory. Communication Theory, 25(1): 42–69. GeiseStephanie BadenChristian 2015 Putting the Image Back into the Frame: Modeling the Linkage Between Visual Communication and Frame-Processing Theory Communication Theory 25 1 42 69 10.1111/comt.12048 Search in Google Scholar

Gibson, Rhonda & Zillmann, Dolf (2000). Reading between the Photographs: The Influence of Incidental Pictorial Information on Issue Perception. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(2): 355–366. GibsonRhonda ZillmannDolf 2000 Reading between the Photographs: The Influence of Incidental Pictorial Information on Issue Perception Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 77 2 355 366 10.1177/107769900007700209 Search in Google Scholar

Gray, Truda & Martin, Brian (2008). My Lai: The Struggle Over Outrage. Peace and Change, 33(1): 90–113. GrayTruda MartinBrian 2008 My Lai: The Struggle Over Outrage Peace and Change 33 1 90 113 10.1111/j.1468-0130.2007.00477.x Search in Google Scholar

Greer, Chris & McLaughlin, Eugene (2010). We Predict a Riot? Public Order Policing, New Media Environments and the Rise of the Citizen Journalist. British Journal of Criminology, 50(6): 1041–1059. GreerChris McLaughlinEugene 2010 We Predict a Riot? Public Order Policing, New Media Environments and the Rise of the Citizen Journalist British Journal of Criminology 50 6 1041 1059 10.1093/bjc/azq039 Search in Google Scholar

Halfmann, Drew & Young, Michael P. (2010). War Pictures: The Grotesque as a Mobilizing Tactic. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 15(1): 1–24. HalfmannDrew YoungMichael P 2010 War Pictures: The Grotesque as a Mobilizing Tactic Mobilization: An International Quarterly 15 1 1 24 10.17813/maiq.15.1.y561981851788672 Search in Google Scholar

Höijer, Birgitta (2004). The Discourse of Global Compassion: The Audience and Media Reporting of Human Suffering. Media, Culture, and Society, 26(4): 513–531. HöijerBirgitta 2004 The Discourse of Global Compassion: The Audience and Media Reporting of Human Suffering Media, Culture, and Society 26 4 513 531 10.1177/0163443704044215 Search in Google Scholar

Isen, Alice M. & Noonberg, Aaron (1979). The Effect of Photographs of the Handicapped on Donation to Charity: When a Thousand Words May be too Much. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9(5): 426–431. IsenAlice M NoonbergAaron 1979 The Effect of Photographs of the Handicapped on Donation to Charity: When a Thousand Words May be too Much Journal of Applied Social Psychology 9 5 426 431 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02716.x Search in Google Scholar

Iyer, Aarti & Oldmeadow, Julian (2006). Picture This: Emotional and Political Responses to Photographs of the Kenneth Bigley Kidnapping. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(5): 635–647. IyerAarti OldmeadowJulian 2006 Picture This: Emotional and Political Responses to Photographs of the Kenneth Bigley Kidnapping European Journal of Social Psychology 36 5 635 647 10.1002/ejsp.316 Search in Google Scholar

Iyer, Aarti; Webster, Joanna; Hornsey, Matthew J. & Vanman, Eric J. (2014). Understanding the Power of the Picture: The Effect of Image Content on Emotional and Political Responses to Terrorism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(7): 511–521. IyerAarti WebsterJoanna HornseyMatthew J VanmanEric J 2014 Understanding the Power of the Picture: The Effect of Image Content on Emotional and Political Responses to Terrorism Journal of Applied Social Psychology 44 7 511 521 10.1111/jasp.12243 Search in Google Scholar

Jasper, James M. & Poulsen, Jane D. (1995). Recruiting Strangers and Friends: Moral Shocks and Social Networks in Animal Rights and Anti-Nuclear Protests. Social Problems, 42(4): 493–512. JasperJames M PoulsenJane D 1995 Recruiting Strangers and Friends: Moral Shocks and Social Networks in Animal Rights and Anti-Nuclear Protests Social Problems 42 4 493 512 10.2307/3097043 Search in Google Scholar

Kress, Gunther (2010). Multimodality. London: Routledge. KressGunther 2010 Multimodality London Routledge Search in Google Scholar

Martin, Brian (2005). The Beating of Rodney King: The Dynamics of Backfire. Critical Criminology, 13(3): 307–326. MartinBrian 2005 The Beating of Rodney King: The Dynamics of Backfire Critical Criminology 13 3 307 326 10.1007/s10612-005-3186-x Search in Google Scholar

Merrill, Jamie (2015). Refugee Aid Charities See Surge in Donations after Image of Drowned Syrian Toddler Aylan Kurdi Moves the Nation. Independent, 3 September 2015 [online]. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/refugee-aid-charities-see-surge-in-donations-after-image-of-drowned-syrian-toddler-aylan-kurdi-moves-10484953.html [Accessed 11 April 2018]. MerrillJamie 2015 Refugee Aid Charities See Surge in Donations after Image of Drowned Syrian Toddler Aylan Kurdi Moves the Nation Independent 3 September 2015 [online]. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/refugee-aid-charities-see-surge-in-donations-after-image-of-drowned-syrian-toddler-aylan-kurdi-moves-10484953.html [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Search in Google Scholar

Messaris, Paul & Abraham, Linus (2001). The Role of Images in Framing News Stories, pp. 215–226 in Reese, Stephen D.; Gandy, Oscar & Grant, August (eds.) Framing Public Life. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. MessarisPaul AbrahamLinus 2001 The Role of Images in Framing News Stories 215 226 in ReeseStephen D GandyOscar GrantAugust (eds.) Framing Public Life Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Search in Google Scholar

Moeller, Susan D. (1999). Compassion Fatigue: How the Media Sell Disease, Famine, War and Death. New York: Routledge. MoellerSusan D 1999 Compassion Fatigue: How the Media Sell Disease, Famine, War and Death New York Routledge Search in Google Scholar

Olesen, Thomas (2013). We Are All Khaled Said: On Visual Injustice Symbols. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change, 35: 3–25. OlesenThomas 2013 We Are All Khaled Said: On Visual Injustice Symbols Research in Social Movements, Conflicts, and Change 35 3 25 10.1108/S0163-786X(2013)0000035005 Search in Google Scholar

Olesen, Thomas (2017). Memetic Protest and the Dramatic Diffusion of Alan Kurdi. Media, Culture, and Society. doi: 10.1177/0163443717729212 OlesenThomas 2017 Memetic Protest and the Dramatic Diffusion of Alan Kurdi Media, Culture, and Society 10.1177/0163443717729212 Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

Paivio, Allan (1971). Imagery and Verbal Processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. PaivioAllan 1971 Imagery and Verbal Processes New York Holt, Rinehart & Winston Search in Google Scholar

Paivio, Allan (1986). Mental Representations: A Dual-Coding Approach. New York: Oxford University Press. PaivioAllan 1986 Mental Representations: A Dual-Coding Approach New York Oxford University Press Search in Google Scholar

Parry, Katy (2010). A Visual Framing Analysis of British Press Photography during the 2006 Israel–Lebanon Conflict. Media, War & Conflict, 3(1): 67–85. ParryKaty 2010 A Visual Framing Analysis of British Press Photography during the 2006 Israel–Lebanon Conflict Media, War & Conflict 3 1 67 85 10.1177/1750635210353679 Search in Google Scholar

Pfau, Michael; Haigh, Michel; Fifrick, Andeelynn; Holl, Douglas; Tedesco, Allison; Cope, Jay; Nunnally, David; Schiess, Amy; Preston, Donald; Roszkowski, Paul & Martin, Marlon (2006). The Effects of Print News Photographs of the Casualties of War. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(1): 150–168. PfauMichael HaighMichel FifrickAndeelynn HollDouglas TedescoAllison CopeJay NunnallyDavid SchiessAmy PrestonDonald RoszkowskiPaul MartinMarlon 2006 The Effects of Print News Photographs of the Casualties of War Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 83 1 150 168 10.1177/107769900608300110 Search in Google Scholar

Robinson, Piers (2002). The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy and Intervention. London: Routledge. RobinsonPiers 2002 The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy and Intervention London Routledge Search in Google Scholar

Rodriguez, Lulu & Dimitrova, Daniela V. (2011). The Levels of Visual Framing. Journal of Visual Literacy, 30(1): 48–65. RodriguezLulu DimitrovaDaniela V 2011 The Levels of Visual Framing Journal of Visual Literacy 30 1 48 65 10.1080/23796529.2011.11674684 Search in Google Scholar

Rogers, Simon (2015). What Can Search Data Tell Us About How the Story of Aylan Kurdi Spread Around the World?, pp. 19–26 in Vis, Farida & Goriunova, Olga (eds.) The Iconic Image on Social Media: A Rapid Research Response to the Death of Aylan Kurdi. Visual Social Media Lab. RogersSimon 2015 What Can Search Data Tell Us About How the Story of Aylan Kurdi Spread Around the World? 19 26 in VisFarida GoriunovaOlga (eds.) The Iconic Image on Social Media: A Rapid Research Response to the Death of Aylan Kurdi Visual Social Media Lab Search in Google Scholar

Slothuus, Rune (2010). Framing og politiske partier: Kan den rette indpakning gøre politiske forslag mere spiselige? [Framing and Political Parties: Can the Right Packaging Make Policies More Appealing?] Politica, 42(3): 345–360. SlothuusRune 2010 Framing og politiske partier: Kan den rette indpakning gøre politiske forslag mere spiselige? [Framing and Political Parties: Can the Right Packaging Make Policies More Appealing?] Politica 42 3 345 360 10.7146/politica.v42i3.69821 Search in Google Scholar

Small, Deborah A. & Verrochi, Nicole M. (2009). The Face of Need: Facial Emotion Expression on Charity Advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research, 46(6): 777–787. SmallDeborah A VerrochiNicole M 2009 The Face of Need: Facial Emotion Expression on Charity Advertisements Journal of Marketing Research 46 6 777 787 10.1509/jmkr.46.6.777 Search in Google Scholar

Snow, David; Benford, Robert; McCammon, Holly; Hewitt, Lyndi & Fitzgerald, Scott (2014). The Emergence, Development, and Future of the Framing Perspective: 25+ Years Since ‘Frame Alignment’. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 19(1): 23–46. SnowDavid BenfordRobert McCammonHolly HewittLyndi FitzgeraldScott 2014 The Emergence, Development, and Future of the Framing Perspective: 25+ Years Since ‘Frame Alignment’ Mobilization: An International Quarterly 19 1 23 46 10.17813/maiq.19.1.x74278226830m69l Search in Google Scholar

Sontag, Susan (1979). On Photography. London: Penguin Books. SontagSusan 1979 On Photography London Penguin Books Search in Google Scholar

Teune, Simon (2013). Imagining Heiligendamm. Visual Struggles and the G8 Summit 2007, pp. 203–226 in Cammaerts, Bert; Mattoni, Alice & McCurdy, Patrick (eds.) Mediation and Protest Movements. Bristol: Intellect. TeuneSimon 2013 Imagining Heiligendamm. Visual Struggles and the G8 Summit 2007 203 226 in CammaertsBert MattoniAlice McCurdyPatrick (eds.) Mediation and Protest Movements Bristol Intellect Search in Google Scholar

Yardley, Jim (2015). Rising Toll on Migrants Leaves Europe in Crisis; 900 May Be Dead at Sea. New York Times, 20 April 2015 [online]. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/21/world/europe/european-union-immigration-migrant-ship-capsizes.html?_r=0 [Accessed 11 April 2018]. YardleyJim 2015 Rising Toll on Migrants Leaves Europe in Crisis; 900 May Be Dead at Sea New York Times 20 April 2015 [online]. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/21/world/europe/european-union-immigration-migrant-ship-capsizes.html?_r=0 [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Search in Google Scholar

Zajonc, Robert (1980). Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences. American Psychologist, 35: 151–175. ZajoncRobert 1980 Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences American Psychologist 35 151 175 10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151 Search in Google Scholar

Zaller, John (1992). The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ZallerJohn 1992 The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion Cambridge Cambridge University Press 10.1017/CBO9780511818691 Search in Google Scholar