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Insight into the microstructural stability and thermal fatigue behavior of nitrided layers on martensitic hot forging tools

Marzena Małgorzata Lachowicz

Marzena Małgorzata Lachowicz

Department of Metal Forming, Welding Technology and Metrology, Wroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWrocław, Poland
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Lachowicz, Marzena Małgorzata
  
12. März 2025
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Artikel-Kategorie: Review Article
Online veröffentlicht: 12. März 2025
Seitenbereich: 1 - 17
Eingereicht: 09. Jan. 2025
Akzeptiert: 17. Feb. 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2025-0005
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© 2025 Marzena Małgorzata Lachowicz, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

The surface of a punch used in the hot forging process after severe plastic deformation. Light microscopy, etched state. Author’s unpublished materials.
The surface of a punch used in the hot forging process after severe plastic deformation. Light microscopy, etched state. Author’s unpublished materials.

Figure 2

Fragment of the Fe–N diagram. Reprinted with permission from Gallego et al. [42]. Copyright 2004 by the American Physical Society.
Fragment of the Fe–N diagram. Reprinted with permission from Gallego et al. [42]. Copyright 2004 by the American Physical Society.

Figure 3

Lehrer’s illustration of the most stable iron nitride phase as a function of temperature and nitriding potential. Redrawn based on Somers [34].
Lehrer’s illustration of the most stable iron nitride phase as a function of temperature and nitriding potential. Redrawn based on Somers [34].

Figure 4

Nitrided layer obtained on 32CrMoV12-28 tool steel. Light microscopy, etched state. Author’s unpublished materials.
Nitrided layer obtained on 32CrMoV12-28 tool steel. Light microscopy, etched state. Author’s unpublished materials.

Figure 5

Visible surface abrasion in the central part of the die after forging 2,600 pieces, leading to local removal of the nitrided layer: (a) cross-sectional view and (b) visible groove on the die surface at the abrasion location. Light microscopy, etched state.
Visible surface abrasion in the central part of the die after forging 2,600 pieces, leading to local removal of the nitrided layer: (a) cross-sectional view and (b) visible groove on the die surface at the abrasion location. Light microscopy, etched state.

Figure 6

Visible cracks perpendicular to the surface in the central part of the die after forging: (a) 2,100 forgings and (b) 2,600 forgings. Light microscopy, etched state.
Visible cracks perpendicular to the surface in the central part of the die after forging: (a) 2,100 forgings and (b) 2,600 forgings. Light microscopy, etched state.

Figure 7

The die after forging 1,000 forgings: (a) area with low thermomechanical load; and (b) visible cracks perpendicular to the surface in the central, heavily thermomechanical loaded part of the die and plastic deformation occurring in this area. Light microscopy, etched state.
The die after forging 1,000 forgings: (a) area with low thermomechanical load; and (b) visible cracks perpendicular to the surface in the central, heavily thermomechanical loaded part of the die and plastic deformation occurring in this area. Light microscopy, etched state.

Figure 8

(a) Visible degradation of the nitrided layer on the die surface after forging one piece and sticking of the preform material. (b) Enlarged fragment of the area from (a). Light microscopy, etched state.
(a) Visible degradation of the nitrided layer on the die surface after forging one piece and sticking of the preform material. (b) Enlarged fragment of the area from (a). Light microscopy, etched state.

Figure 9

Visible degradation of the nitrided layer on the die surface after forging one piece and sticking the preform material. Visible oxidation of fatigue cracks was revealed by the etching in location I (a) and the formation of a white layer in the coating area in location II (b). Light microscopy, etched state.
Visible degradation of the nitrided layer on the die surface after forging one piece and sticking the preform material. Visible oxidation of fatigue cracks was revealed by the etching in location I (a) and the formation of a white layer in the coating area in location II (b). Light microscopy, etched state.

Figure 10

(a) Visible degradation of the nitrided layer on the die surface after forging 1,100 pieces. (b) Enlarged fragment of the area from (a). Light microscopy, etched state.
(a) Visible degradation of the nitrided layer on the die surface after forging 1,100 pieces. (b) Enlarged fragment of the area from (a). Light microscopy, etched state.

Figure 11

Visible degradation of the nitrided layer on the die surface after forging 2,100 pieces in locations I (a) and II (b). Enlarged fragment of the area from Figure 6a. Light microscopy, etched state.
Visible degradation of the nitrided layer on the die surface after forging 2,100 pieces in locations I (a) and II (b). Enlarged fragment of the area from Figure 6a. Light microscopy, etched state.

Figure 12

(a) Visible degradation of the nitrided layer on the die surface after forging 2,600 pieces. (b) Enlarged fragment of the area from Figure 6b. Light microscopy, etched state.
(a) Visible degradation of the nitrided layer on the die surface after forging 2,600 pieces. (b) Enlarged fragment of the area from Figure 6b. Light microscopy, etched state.

Figure 13

WEL formed on a forging tool. Light microscopy, etched state.
WEL formed on a forging tool. Light microscopy, etched state.

Figure 14

General view of die surface after forging 2,190 pieces of forgings. Stereoscopic microscopy.
General view of die surface after forging 2,190 pieces of forgings. Stereoscopic microscopy.

Figure 15

Cross-section obtained from a die in which the presence of brainite was detected: (a) undetched state and (b) etched state. Light microscopy.
Cross-section obtained from a die in which the presence of brainite was detected: (a) undetched state and (b) etched state. Light microscopy.

Figure 16

Enlarged fragment of the microstructure examined die. Visible braunite (right) and carbonitrides form a network at the grain boundaries (left). Light microscopy, etched state.
Enlarged fragment of the microstructure examined die. Visible braunite (right) and carbonitrides form a network at the grain boundaries (left). Light microscopy, etched state.
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