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Development of a sustainable geopolymeric grout via mechanochemical activation with recycled brick powder

Altuğ Saygılı

Altuğ Saygılı

Department of Civil Engineering, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman UniversityMuğla, Turkey
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Saygılı, Altuğ
, 
Ahmed Ali Agha

Ahmed Ali Agha

  • Department of Civil Engineering, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman UniversityMuğla, Turkey
  • North Refineries CompanyBaiji, Iraq
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Agha, Ahmed Ali
 und 
Mukhtar Hamid Abed

Mukhtar Hamid Abed

  • Department of Civil Engineering, Dijlah University CollegeBaghdad, Iraq
  • Projects Department, Al Ramadi MunicipalityAnbar Province, Iraq
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Abed, Mukhtar Hamid
  
12. März 2025
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Artikel-Kategorie: Research Article
Online veröffentlicht: 12. März 2025
Seitenbereich: 18 - 41
Eingereicht: 25. Nov. 2024
Akzeptiert: 17. Jan. 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2025-0003
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© 2025 Altuğ Saygılı, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Waste sources of aluminosilicates. (a) WBP and (b) GGBS.
Waste sources of aluminosilicates. (a) WBP and (b) GGBS.

Figure 2

Particle size distribution of grout materials.
Particle size distribution of grout materials.

Figure 3

EDS analysis of WBP powders.
EDS analysis of WBP powders.

Figure 4

Process of producing a geopolymer binder through mechanochemical activation.
Process of producing a geopolymer binder through mechanochemical activation.

Figure 5

SEM images of (a) raw WBP and (b) raw GGBS.
SEM images of (a) raw WBP and (b) raw GGBS.

Figure 6

SEM images of (a) MG-0S-100B, (b) MG-15S-85B, (c) MG-30S-70B, and (d) MG-45S-55B.
SEM images of (a) MG-0S-100B, (b) MG-15S-85B, (c) MG-30S-70B, and (d) MG-45S-55B.

Figure 7

XRD patterns of raw WBP and WBP-based MG precursor.
XRD patterns of raw WBP and WBP-based MG precursor.

Figure 8

Effect of GGBS substitution on the XRD of the WBP-based MG precursor.
Effect of GGBS substitution on the XRD of the WBP-based MG precursor.

Figure 9

Workability of mechanochemical and conventional activation of mixtures.
Workability of mechanochemical and conventional activation of mixtures.

Figure 10

Final setting times of mechanochemical and conventional mixtures.
Final setting times of mechanochemical and conventional mixtures.

Figure 11

UCS of MG- and CG-based grout: 28 days and 90 days.
UCS of MG- and CG-based grout: 28 days and 90 days.

Figure 12

Surface images of MG- and CG-based grouts.
Surface images of MG- and CG-based grouts.

Figure 13

Stress–strain responses of mixtures.
Stress–strain responses of mixtures.

Figure 14

Bulk density of MG- and CG-based grouts.
Bulk density of MG- and CG-based grouts.

Figure 15

SEM images of the (a–e) hardened grouts ((a, b, c, d) MG and (e) CG). (a) MG-0S-100B, (b) MG-30S-70B, (c) MG-15S-85B, (d) MG-45S-55B, and (e) CG-45S-55B.
SEM images of the (a–e) hardened grouts ((a, b, c, d) MG and (e) CG). (a) MG-0S-100B, (b) MG-30S-70B, (c) MG-15S-85B, (d) MG-45S-55B, and (e) CG-45S-55B.

Figure 16

XRD patterns of CG- and MG-based grout samples.
XRD patterns of CG- and MG-based grout samples.

Properties of WBP, GGBS, and sodium silicate_

Constituent (%) GGBS WBP (Na2SiO3-Penta) powder (Na2SiO3) liquid
(a) Chemical composition
CaO 34.15 9.8
SiO2 40.42 55.5 28 29.4
Al2O3 10.6 17
Fe2O3 1.28 5.5
MgO 7.63 2.6
SO3 0.68 1.92
K2O 0.0128 1.58
Na2O 0.64 0.65 29 14.7
Modulus ratio 1 2
H2O 43 55.9
(b) Physical properties
Specific surface area (m2/g) 1.46 0.72
D 50 (µm) 21.6 42.25

Mixing proportions of CG- and MG-based grouts_

Weight (%) Weight (g)
Aluminosilicate materials Alkaline activator Na2SiO3 /NaOH Aluminosilicate materials Alkaline activator w/b ratio Ball-Mill duration (h) NaOH molarity
Activation type Mix ID WBP GGBSF NaOH Na2SiO3 WBP GGBSF NaOH Na2SiO3
MG MG-0S-100B 80 0 10 10 1 800 0 100 100 500 2 5
MG-15S-85B 68 12 10 10 1 680 120 100 100 500
MG-30S-70B 56 24 10 10 1 560 240 100 100 500
MG-45S-55B 44 36 10 10 1 440 360 100 100 500
CG CG-0S-100B 80 0 10 10 1 800 0 100 100 500 — 5
CG-15S-85B 68 12 10 10 1 680 120 100 100 500 —
CG-30S-70B 56 24 10 10 1 560 240 100 100 500 —
CG-45S-55B 44 36 10 10 1 440 360 100 100 500 —

Results of TCLP analysis_

Sample name Pb Cd Cr Zn Cu Ni As
EPA limit (mg/L) 5 1 5 25 25 25 5
MG-45S-55B (mg/L) 0.251 0.232 1.739 2.462 0.74 0.73 Not detected
CG-45S-55B (mg/L) 2.965 0.102 2.724 1.642 0.96 <0.01 Not detected
GGBS (mg/L) <0.01 0.013 0.076 Not detected 0.025 0.02 <0.01
WBP (mg/L) <0.01 0.019 0.672 1.246 0.5 1.697 <0.01
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