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Performance studies of premixed blended hydraulic cement to revolutionize concrete production

Kae-Long Lin

Kae-Long Lin

Department of Environmental Engineering, National Ilan UniversityYilan, Taiwan
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Lin, Kae-Long
, 
Wei-Ting Lin

Wei-Ting Lin

Department of Civil Engineering, National Ilan UniversityYilan, Taiwan
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Lin, Wei-Ting
, 
Lukáš Fiala

Lukáš Fiala

Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
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Fiala, Lukáš
, 
Jan Kočí

Jan Kočí

Department of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
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Kočí, Jan
, 
Po-En Lee

Po-En Lee

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa UniversityHualien, Taiwan
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Lee, Po-En
 und 
Hui-Mi Hsu

Hui-Mi Hsu

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa UniversityHualien, Taiwan
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Hsu, Hui-Mi
  
16. Nov. 2024
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Artikel-Kategorie: Research Article
Online veröffentlicht: 16. Nov. 2024
Seitenbereich: 139 - 159
Eingereicht: 04. Mai 2024
Akzeptiert: 12. Okt. 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2024-0034
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© 2024 the Kae-Long Lin, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

XRD patterns of the binders.
XRD patterns of the binders.

Figure 2

SEM photograph of blended cement.
SEM photograph of blended cement.

Figure 3

Test setup of rapid chloride migration test.
Test setup of rapid chloride migration test.

Figure 4

Device of the heat box.
Device of the heat box.

Figure 5

Test setup of SEM.
Test setup of SEM.

Figure 6

Slump flow for different groups.
Slump flow for different groups.

Figure 7

Water demand for different groups.
Water demand for different groups.

Figure 8

Compressive strength for Group A.
Compressive strength for Group A.

Figure 9

Compressive strength for Group B.
Compressive strength for Group B.

Figure 10

Compressive strength of silica fume for different proportions.
Compressive strength of silica fume for different proportions.

Figure 11

Comparison of compressive strength of blended cement.
Comparison of compressive strength of blended cement.

Figure 12

Diffusion coefficients for Group A.
Diffusion coefficients for Group A.

Figure 13

Diffusion coefficients for Group B.
Diffusion coefficients for Group B.

Figure 14

Relationship between diffusion coefficient and compressive strength of the proportion of the binders.
Relationship between diffusion coefficient and compressive strength of the proportion of the binders.

Figure 15

Relationship between the amount of silica fume on the diffusion coefficient and compressive strength.
Relationship between the amount of silica fume on the diffusion coefficient and compressive strength.

Figure 16

Relationship between the diffusion coefficient and compressive strength of blended cement.
Relationship between the diffusion coefficient and compressive strength of blended cement.

Figure 17

Construction diagram of Danjiang Bridge using blended cement from this study.
Construction diagram of Danjiang Bridge using blended cement from this study.

Figure 18

SEM images for A series specimens (×3,000). (a) A1 specimen, (b) A2 specimen, (c) A3 specimen, and (d) A4 specimen.
SEM images for A series specimens (×3,000). (a) A1 specimen, (b) A2 specimen, (c) A3 specimen, and (d) A4 specimen.

Basic properties of coarse aggregates_

Sieve no. Maximum particle size = 19 mm Maximum particle size = 9.5 mm Maximum particle size = 1.6 mm
Remain weight (g) Retention (%) Sieving rate (%) Remain weight (g) Retention (%) Sieving rate (%) Remain weight (g) Retention (%) Sieving rate (%)
3/2″ 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100
1″ 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100
3/4″ 348 4 96 0 0 100 0 0 100
1/2″ 6,911 75 25 1,022 18 82 0 0 100
3/8″ 8,441 92 8 2,641 47 53 11 0 100
#4 9,109 99 1 5,228 93 7 2,815 57 43
#8 9,140 100 0 5,545 99 1 4,636 93 7
Bottom 9,176 100 0 5,615 100 0 4,975 100 0
Physical properties
Moisture content (%) 0.89 1.17 2.23
Absorption (%) 0.83 1.25 1.13
Surface moisture content (%) 0.1 0.1 1.1

Converted carbon emissions for the eight proportions (kg)_

Mix no. Cement GGBS Fly ash Silica fume Blended cement Aggregates Additives Carbon emissions
A1 330 231 99 — — 1,478 5.61 345.3
A2 — — — — 467 1,771 5.65 145.2
A3 297 198 132 33 — 1,466 5.81 314.9
A4 231 231 198 — — 1,448 5.28 261.0
B1 247.5 173.3 74.3 — — 1,672 3.96 276.1
B2 — — — — 420 1,784 5.29 136.4
B3 222.8 148.5 99 24.8 — 1,664 4.16 253.3
B4 175 175 150 — — 1,640 4.25 214.2

Results of flow performances_

Mix no. w/b Water demand (kg/m3) Superplasticizer dosage (kg/m3) Slump flow (cm)
A1 0.32 202 5.61 56 × 58
A2 144 5.65 59 × 61
A3 199 5.81 52 × 50
A4 202 5.28 65 × 68
B1 0.39 188 3.96 61 × 62
B2 159 5.29 65 × 61
B3 185 4.16 56 × 57
B4 184 4.25 66 × 66

Results of hydration heat (unit: kJ/kg)_

Proportion of binders 28 days 56 days
Cement:GGBS:fly ash = 50:35:15 250.0 292.5
Cement:GGBS:fly ash = 35:35:30 233.6 274.2
Blended cement 188.4 210.3
Cement:GGBS:fly ash:silica fume = 45:30:20:5 303.6 330.8

Prices of the concrete components used in this study (US$/kg)_

Concrete components Cement GGBS Fly ash Silica fume Blended cement Aggregates Additives
Price 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.50 0.07 0.02 1.00

Mix proportions (kg/m3)_

Mix no. Water w/b Binders Aggregates Superplasticizer
Cement GGBS Fly ash Silica fume Blended cement Coarse aggregates Fine aggregates
A1 202 0.32 330 231 99 — — 926 552 5.61
A2 144 — — — — 467 985 786 5.65
A3 199 297 198 132 33 — 933 533 5.81
A4 202 231 231 198 — — 965 483 5.28
B1 188 0.39 247.5 173.3 74.3 — — 939 733 3.96
B2 159 — — — — 420 947 837 5.29
B3 185 222.8 148.5 99 24.8 — 943 730 4.16
B4 184 175 175 150 — — 938 702 4.25

Mix percentage of binders_

Mix no. w/b Binders
Cement (%) GGBS (%) Fly ash (%) Silica fume (%) Blended cement (%)
A1 0.32 50 35 15
A2 100
A3 45 30 20 5
A4 35 35 30
B1 0.39 50 35 15
B2 100
B3 45 30 20 5
B4 35 35 30

Carbon emission calculation parameters (kg/tons)_

Concrete component Cement GGBS Fly ash Silica fume Blended cement Aggregates Additives
Carbon emissions 850 83 08 14 196 30.3 9.9

Chemical compositions of the binders_

Materials Chemical composition (%)
CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO SO3 K2O Na2O P2O5 Others
Cement 62.59 21.24 4.78 3.27 2.53 2.27 0.45 0.38 — 2.49
Fly ash 4.80 48.60 34.31 6.46 1.04 0.71 1.21 0.75 0.58 1.54
GGBS 44.68 24.85 20.49 0.67 5.43 1.79 0.33 0.22 0.03 1.51
Silica fume 1.35 94.40 0.53 0.14 0.48 1.02 1.59 0.11 0.15 0.23
Blended cement 51.26 21.10 16.98 3.27 3.01 2.23 0.57 0.33 0.19 1.06

Converted raw material costs for the eight proportions (US$)_

Mix no. w/b Cement (kg) GGBS (kg) Fly ash (kg) Silica fume (kg) Blended cement (kg) Aggregates (kg) Additives (kg) Cost (US$)
A1 0.32 330 231 99 1,478 5.61 75.60
A2 467 1,771 5.65 63.37
A3 297 198 132 33 1,466 5.81 88.10
A4 231 231 198 1,448 5.28 68.70
B1 0.39 247.5 173.3 74.3 1,672 3.96 64.90
B2 420 1,784 5.29 60.07
B3 222.8 148.5 99 24.8 1,664 4.16 73.37
B4 175 175 150 1,640 4.25 60.43
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