Non-stress relived (as printed) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface roughness (Ra) | Micro-Vickers Hardness (HV) | ||||||||
S.No. | Lattice | Design | Non-stress relieved | Average (Ra) | Max | Min | Average | Max | Min |
1 | Honeycomb | Design 1 | 2A | 11.29 | 11.64 | 10.54 | 219HV1 | 225 | 213 |
2 | Honeycomb | Design 2 | 3A | 9.94 | 11.84 | 9.36 | 220HV1 | 227 | 215 |
3 | Honeycomb | Design 3 | 4A | 11.18 | 11.18 | 9.87 | 230HV1 | 242 | 218 |
4 | Honeycomb | Design 4 | 5A | 8.91 | 12.6 | 8.54 | 213HV1 | 218 | 207 |
5 | Honeycomb | Design 5 | 6A | 11.69 | 12.34 | 9.03 | 194HV1 | 201 | 190 |
1 | Honeycomb | Design 1 | 2B | 14.58 | 24.26 | 9.23 | 233HV1 | 239 | 228 |
2 | Honeycomb | Design 2 | 3B | 14.79 | 17.12 | 10.48 | 214HV1 | 220 | 209 |
3 | Honeycomb | Design 3 | 4B | 13.76 | 15.91 | 12.11 | 193HV1 | 197 | 190 |
4 | Honeycomb | Design 4 | 5B | 12.26 | 13.66 | 11.43 | 222HV1 | 226 | 218 |
5 | Honeycomb | Design 5 | 6B | 20.24 | 24.23 | 17.19 | 220HV1 | 226 | 216 |
1 | Honeycomb | Design 1 | 2C,2D,2E | 11.59 | 15.2 | 9.12 | 460HV1 | 475 | 451 |
2 | Honeycomb | Design 2 | 3C,3D.3E | 7.77 | 7.94 | 7.65 | 418HV1 | 425 | 412 |
3 | Honeycomb | Design 3 | 4C,4D,4E | 7.67 | 8.46 | 6.63 | 423HV1 | 426 | 420 |
4 | Honeycomb | Design 4 | 5C,5D,5E | 8.82 | 8.87 | 8.77 | 460HV1 | 470 | 451 |
5 | Honeycomb | Design 5 | 6C.6D,6E | 11.92 | 12.81 | 10.41 | 455HV1 | 461 | 450 |
Non-stress relived (as printed) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surface roughness (Ra) | Micro-Vickers hardness (HV) | ||||||||
S. No. | Lattice | Design | Non-Stress Relieved | Average (Ra) | Max | Min | Average | Max | Min |
1 | Gyroid | Design 1 | 1A | 10.5 | 12.86 | 8.11 | 215HV1 | 220 | 211 |
1 | Gyroid | Design 1 | 1B | 11.85 | 13.46 | 10.83 | 226HV1 | 229 | 222 |
1 | Gyroid | Design 1 | 1C,1D,1E | 3.56 | 3.74 | 3.37 | 418HV1 | 425 | 411 |
Particle size (μm) | Sieve number | % by mass |
---|---|---|
<45 | −325 | 78.28 |
>45 | +325 | 17.28 |
>53 | +270 | 3.78 |
>63 | +230 | 0.65 |
Case | Specimen | Initial weight (g) | Final weight (g) | Total weight loss (g) | Corrosion rate (mm/ year) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RHA | 12.4093 | 12.4029 | 0.0064 | 2.847817577 | |
MHA | 11.8837 | 11.8795 | 0.0042 | 1.868880285 | |
HNS | 13.6118 | 13.6066 | 0.0052 | 2.313851781 | |
5D (ideal) | 77.6933 | 77.3803 | 0.313 | 1.218227858 | |
6D (non-ideal) | 80.6307 | 80.3128 | 0.3179 | 1.237299156 | |
1D | 40.0436 | 39.9027 | 0.1409 | 1.671511872 |
Test | Test method | Results |
---|---|---|
Flow rate | ASTM B213 | 18s/50g |
Apparent density | ASTM B212 | 3.98g/cm3 |
Tap density | ASTM B527 | 4.65g/cm3 |
Material | Compressive residual stress values (MPa) |
---|---|
306.627 | |
348.454 | |
432.367 | |
581.907 | |
483.679 |
Before compression | |||
---|---|---|---|
Comparison of corrosion rate | Percentage difference | Comparison of corrosion rate | Percentage difference |
57.23% | Gyroid vs. RHA | 41.31% | |
34.83% | Gyroid vs. MHA | 10.6% | |
47.36 % | Gyroid vs. HNS | 27.75% | |
37.61% | Gyroid vs. RHA | 17.88% | |
4.92% | Gyroid vs. MHA | 25.16% | |
23.21% | Gyroid vs. HNS | 1.08% | |
27.11% | |||
24.03% |
Gyroid | Design 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimensions (L × W × H) (mm) 24 × 20 × 30 | |||||
Honeycomb | Design 1 | Design 2 | Design 3 | Design 4 | Design 5 |
Dimensions (L × W × H) (mm) | 24 × 20 × 30 | ||||
Wall thickness (mm) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Detail size (mm) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Hole diameter (mm) | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
Infill thickness (mm) | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
Case | Specimen | Initial weight (g) | Final weight (g) | Total weight loss (g) | Corrosion rate (mm/year) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5C (ideal) | 82.129 | 81.6725 | 0.4565 | 1.776744463 | |
6C (non-ideal) | 78.4252 | 77.9683 | 0.4569 | 1.778301304 | |
1C | 32.1465 | 31.9494 | 0.1971 | 2.338218523 |
Comparison of residual stress values | % Increase in residual stress | Comparison of residual stress values | % Increase in residual stress |
---|---|---|---|
Honeycomb vs. RHA | 47.30% | Gyroid vs. RHA | 36.6% |
Honeycomb vs. MHA | 40.12% | Gyroid vs. MHA | 27.96% |
Honeycomb vs. HNS | 25.70% | Gyroid vs. HNS | 10.61% |
Honeycomb vs. Gyroid | 16.88% |
Non-stress-relieved condition | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normalized residual matrix | Weighted residual matrix | Distance to ideal | ||||||
Coupon no. | NRa | NVHN | WRa | WVHN | Si+ | Si- | Ci | Rank |
2A | 0.369 | 0.419 | 0.185 | 0.209 | 0.039 | 0.007 | 0.154 | 4 |
3A | 0.325 | 0.421 | 0.163 | 0.210 | 0.017 | 0.029 | 0.633 | 2 |
4A | 0.365 | 0.440 | 0.183 | 0.220 | 0.037 | 0.010 | 0.204 | 3 |
5A | 0.291 | 0.408 | 0.146 | 0.204 | 0.000 | 0.046 | 0.994 | 1 |
6A | 0.382 | 0.371 | 0.191 | 0.186 | 0.047 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 5 |
2B | 0.477 | 0.446 | 0.239 | 0.223 | 0.038 | 0.094 | 0.713 | 3 |
3B | 0.484 | 0.409 | 0.242 | 0.205 | 0.042 | 0.090 | 0.682 | 4 |
4B | 0.450 | 0.369 | 0.225 | 0.185 | 0.026 | 0.106 | 0.803 | 2 |
5B | 0.401 | 0.425 | 0.201 | 0.212 | 0.000 | 0.131 | 0.999 | 1 |
6B | 0.662 | 0.421 | 0.331 | 0.210 | 0.131 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 5 |
2C,2D,2E | 0.379 | 0.880 | 0.190 | 0.440 | 0.064 | 0.007 | 0.099 | 4 |
3C,3D.3E | 0.254 | 0.800 | 0.127 | 0.400 | 0.003 | 0.068 | 0.954 | 2 |
4C,4D,4E | 0.251 | 0.809 | 0.125 | 0.405 | 0.001 | 0.070 | 0.982 | 1 |
5C,5D,5E | 0.289 | 0.880 | 0.144 | 0.440 | 0.019 | 0.052 | 0.736 | 3 |
6C.6D,6E | 0.390 | 0.871 | 0.195 | 0.435 | 0.070 | 0.001 | 0.018 | 5 |
Property | Value | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultimate tensile strength | 620 MPa | ||||||||||||
Yield strength | 275 MPa | ||||||||||||
Elongation at break | 40% | ||||||||||||
Modulus of elasticity | 201 GPa | ||||||||||||
Poisson’s ratio | 0.3 | ||||||||||||
Shear modulus | 77 GPa | ||||||||||||
Reduction of area | 20% | ||||||||||||
0.034 | 0.126 | 0.236 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 25.62 | 15.40 | 1.331 | 0.196 | 0.209 | 2.054 | 0.014 | Bal. |