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Influence of flame straightening on the properties of welded joints made of X2CrNi22-2 duplex steel

Artur Lange

Artur Lange

Department of Metal Forming, Welding and Metrology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and TechnologyWrocław, Poland
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Lange, Artur
  
30. Dez. 2021
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Online veröffentlicht: 30. Dez. 2021
Seitenbereich: 446 - 457
Eingereicht: 27. Okt. 2021
Akzeptiert: 04. Dez. 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2021-0036
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© 2021 Artur Lange, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

General view of butt joint after welding (DS) and annealed joint after welding at 730°C (DSA)
General view of butt joint after welding (DS) and annealed joint after welding at 730°C (DSA)

Fig. 2

View of duplex steel specimens of 1.4062 grade and wire welded joint EN ISO 14343-A: G 22 9 3 N L after analysis of chemical composition
View of duplex steel specimens of 1.4062 grade and wire welded joint EN ISO 14343-A: G 22 9 3 N L after analysis of chemical composition

Fig. 3

Fine-grained ferritic-austenitic structure with diverse grain size and high intensity of banding. Light microscopy. Etched with Mi19Fe
Fine-grained ferritic-austenitic structure with diverse grain size and high intensity of banding. Light microscopy. Etched with Mi19Fe

Fig. 4

Welded joint, S sample. Joint welded using duplex steel. Weld with ferritic-austenitic structure. Etched with Mi19Fe
Welded joint, S sample. Joint welded using duplex steel. Weld with ferritic-austenitic structure. Etched with Mi19Fe

Fig. 5

Welded joint, W sample. Joint welded using duplex steel and soaked at 730°C. Weld with ferritic-austenitic structure. Etched with Mi19Fe
Welded joint, W sample. Joint welded using duplex steel and soaked at 730°C. Weld with ferritic-austenitic structure. Etched with Mi19Fe

Fig. 6

Welded joint, S sample. Heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the fusion line from the side of the root. Visible ferritic-austenitic structure with expanded and recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joint, S sample. Heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the fusion line from the side of the root. Visible ferritic-austenitic structure with expanded and recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 7

Welded joint, W sample. Heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the fusion line from the side of the root. Visible ferritic-austenitic structure with expanded and recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, and visible, numerous σ phase clusters rich in Cr and Mo, forming in the area of ferrite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joint, W sample. Heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the fusion line from the side of the root. Visible ferritic-austenitic structure with expanded and recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, and visible, numerous σ phase clusters rich in Cr and Mo, forming in the area of ferrite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 8

Welded joint, S sample. Heat-affected zone. In vicinity of fusion line, from the side of the face, visible ferritic-austenitic structure with expanded and recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joint, S sample. Heat-affected zone. In vicinity of fusion line, from the side of the face, visible ferritic-austenitic structure with expanded and recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 9

Welded joint, W sample. Heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the fusion line from the side of the face. Visible ferritic-austenitic structure with expanded and recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, and visible, numerous σ phase clusters rich in Cr and Mo, forming in the area of ferrite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joint, W sample. Heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the fusion line from the side of the face. Visible ferritic-austenitic structure with expanded and recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, and visible, numerous σ phase clusters rich in Cr and Mo, forming in the area of ferrite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 10

Welded joint, S sample. Magnified fragment of the area shown in Figure 8. Heat-affected zone. In the vicinity of the fusion line, visible ferritic-austenitic structure with expanded and recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, and visible, numerous σ phase clusters rich in Cr and Mo, forming in the area of ferrite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joint, S sample. Magnified fragment of the area shown in Figure 8. Heat-affected zone. In the vicinity of the fusion line, visible ferritic-austenitic structure with expanded and recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, and visible, numerous σ phase clusters rich in Cr and Mo, forming in the area of ferrite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 11

Welded joint, W sample. Magnified fragment of the area shown in Figure 9. Heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the fusion line from the side of the root. Visible ferritic-austenitic structure with highly expanded and recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, and visible, numerous σ phase clusters rich in Cr and Mo, forming in the area of ferrite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joint, W sample. Magnified fragment of the area shown in Figure 9. Heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the fusion line from the side of the root. Visible ferritic-austenitic structure with highly expanded and recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, and visible, numerous σ phase clusters rich in Cr and Mo, forming in the area of ferrite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 12

Welded joint, S sample. Ferritic-austenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, with visible precipitations of σ phase rich in Cr and Mo on the α/γ (ferrite-austenite) boundary. Etched with Mi19Fe
Welded joint, S sample. Ferritic-austenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, with visible precipitations of σ phase rich in Cr and Mo on the α/γ (ferrite-austenite) boundary. Etched with Mi19Fe

Fig. 13

Welded joint, W sample. Ferritic-austenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, with visible precipitations of σ phase rich in Cr and Mo on the α/γ (ferrite-austenite) boundary. Etched with Mi19Fe
Welded joint, W sample. Ferritic-austenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, with visible precipitations of σ phase rich in Cr and Mo on the α/γ (ferrite-austenite) boundary. Etched with Mi19Fe

Fig. 14

Welded joint, S sample. Weld. Visible dendritic, aciform, ferritic-austenitic structure. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joint, S sample. Weld. Visible dendritic, aciform, ferritic-austenitic structure. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 15

Welded joint, W sample. Weld. Visible dendritic, aciform, ferritic-austenitic structure. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joint, W sample. Weld. Visible dendritic, aciform, ferritic-austenitic structure. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 16

Welded joints, S sample prior to soaking in furnace at 730°C. Heat-affected zone. In vicinity of fusion line, from the side of the face, visible ferritic-austenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joints, S sample prior to soaking in furnace at 730°C. Heat-affected zone. In vicinity of fusion line, from the side of the face, visible ferritic-austenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 17

Welded joint, S sample. Soaked in silit rod furnace at 730°C for 15 min and cooled in air. Heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the fusion line from the side of the face. Visible ferriticaustenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, and visible, numerous σ phase clusters rich in Cr and Mo, forming in the area of ferrite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joint, S sample. Soaked in silit rod furnace at 730°C for 15 min and cooled in air. Heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the fusion line from the side of the face. Visible ferriticaustenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, and visible, numerous σ phase clusters rich in Cr and Mo, forming in the area of ferrite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 18

Welded joints, S sample prior to soaking in furnace at 730°C. Heat-affected zone. In vicinity of fusion line, from the side of the face, visible coarse-grained ferritic-austenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joints, S sample prior to soaking in furnace at 730°C. Heat-affected zone. In vicinity of fusion line, from the side of the face, visible coarse-grained ferritic-austenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 19

Welded joint, S sample. Soaked in silit rod furnace at 730°C for 5 min and cooled in air. Heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the fusion line from the side of the face. Visible coarse-grained ferritic-austenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, and visible, numerous sigma (σ) phase clusters rich in Cr and Mo, forming in the area of ferrite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joint, S sample. Soaked in silit rod furnace at 730°C for 5 min and cooled in air. Heat-affected zone in the vicinity of the fusion line from the side of the face. Visible coarse-grained ferritic-austenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains, and visible, numerous sigma (σ) phase clusters rich in Cr and Mo, forming in the area of ferrite grains. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 20

Welded joint, S sample. Soaked in silit rod furnace at 730°C for 1 min and cooled in air. Heat-affected zone. In vicinity of fusion line, from the side of the face, visible coarse-grained ferritic-austenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains. No sigma (σ) phase precipitations rich in Cr and Mo were identified. Etched with Mi30Fe
Welded joint, S sample. Soaked in silit rod furnace at 730°C for 1 min and cooled in air. Heat-affected zone. In vicinity of fusion line, from the side of the face, visible coarse-grained ferritic-austenitic structure with recrystallized ferrite and austenite grains. No sigma (σ) phase precipitations rich in Cr and Mo were identified. Etched with Mi30Fe

Fig. 21

System of hardness measurement points in heat-affected zones and weld: (A) welds without heat treatment after welding, S sample, (B) joints heated by acetylene-oxygen flame to ≈ 730°C, W sample
System of hardness measurement points in heat-affected zones and weld: (A) welds without heat treatment after welding, S sample, (B) joints heated by acetylene-oxygen flame to ≈ 730°C, W sample

Fig. 22

HV1 hardness distribution in joints without heat treatment after welding (S samples), b) joints heated by acetylene-oxygen flame to ≈ 730°C (W samples)
HV1 hardness distribution in joints without heat treatment after welding (S samples), b) joints heated by acetylene-oxygen flame to ≈ 730°C (W samples)

Fig. 23

General view of specimens of butt-welded joints after tensile test: (A) welds without heat treatment after welding, S samples, (B) joints heated by acetylene-oxygen flame to ≈ 730°C, W samples. Fracture in weld
General view of specimens of butt-welded joints after tensile test: (A) welds without heat treatment after welding, S samples, (B) joints heated by acetylene-oxygen flame to ≈ 730°C, W samples. Fracture in weld

Results of static tensile test of specimens of butt welds without heat treatment after welding (S samples) and butt welds heated with acetylene-oxygen flame to ≈ 730°C (W samples)

Item no. Designation of joint specimen a×b (mm) S0 (mm2) Fm (N) Rm (MPa) Rm avg (MPa) Rm (MPa) according to PN-EN 10088-2
1. Sb 19.94 × 1.98 39.5 2,6600 673* 727 700–900
2. Sc 19.94 × 1.94 38.6 28,400 736
3. Sd 19.94 × 1.96 39.1 30,200 772
4. Wb 19.95 × 1.91 38.1 27,200 714 739
5. Wc 19.8 × 1.89 37.4 29,400 786
6. Wd 19.86 × 1.91 37.9 27,200 718

Results of the analysis of the chemical composition of tested materials

Cont.% by weight Steel grade 1.4062 (X2CrNi22-2) Wire G 22 9 3 N L Weld in the joint 1.4062+1.4062
Certificate No. 51513524 Analysis results by LECO Certificate No. 102004 Analysis results by LECO
C 0.020 0.025 0.1 0.025
Si 0.450 0.30 0.5 0.41
Mn 1.340 1.33 1.7 1.68
P 0.023 0.030 0.016 0.030
S 0.001 0.015 0.001 0.013
Cr 22.800 22.05 22.9 22.60
Ni 2.640 2.46 8.8 7.68
Mo 0.210 0.19 3.1 1.86
Nb – 0.03 – 0.03
Cu – 0.23 <0.1 0.017
N 0.216 – 0.16 –
Co – 0.05 – 0.06
V – – – 0.07
W – – – 0.01
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