The Impact of Internal Employer Branding on Employee Engagement and Retention

1 Al Mehrzi, N., Singh, S. K. (2016). Competing Through Employee Engagement: A Proposed Framework // International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Vol. 65, No. 6, pp. 831–843. doi: 10.1108/ijppm-02-2016-0037 Search in Google Scholar

2 Ambler, T., Barrow, S. (1996). The Employer Brand // Journal of Brand Management. Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 185–206. doi: 10.1057/bm.1996.42 Search in Google Scholar

3 Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of Employee Engagement and Their Impact on Employee Performance // International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 308–323. doi: 10.1108/ijppm-01-2013-0008 Search in Google Scholar

4 Ashforth, B. E., Harrison, S. H., Corley, K. G. (2008). Identification in Organizations: An Examination of Four Fundamental Questions // Journal of Management. Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 325–374. doi: 10.1177/0149206308316059 Search in Google Scholar

5 Ashforth, B. E., Mael, F. A. (1989). Social Identity Theory and the Organization // Academy of Management Review. Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 20–39. doi: 10.5465/amr.1989.4278999 Search in Google Scholar

6 Avanzi, L., Fraccaroli, F., Sarchielli, G., Ullrich, J., van Dick, R. (2014). Staying or Leaving: A Combined Social Identity and Social Exchange Approach to Predicting Employee Turnover Intentions // International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 272–289. doi: 10.1108/ijppm-02-2013-0028 Search in Google Scholar

7 Backhaus, K., Tikoo, S. (2004). Conceptualizing and Researching Employer Branding // Career Development International. Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 501–517. doi: 10.1108/13620430410550754 Search in Google Scholar

8 Baqir, M., Hussain, S., Waseem, R., Islam, K. M. A. (2020). Impact of Reward and Recognition, Supervisor Support on Employee Engagement // American International Journal of Business and Management Studies. Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 8–21. doi: 10.46545/aijbms.v2i3.256 Search in Google Scholar

9 Benson, A. J., Bruner, M. W., Eys, M. (2017). A Social Identity Approach to Understanding the Conditions Associated with Antisocial Behaviors Among Teammates in Female Teams // Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 129–142. doi: 10.1037/spy0000090 Search in Google Scholar

10 Bersin, J. (2013). Employee Retention Now a Big Issue: Why the Tide Has Turned // Bersin by Deloitte. Vol. 16, pp. 1–4. Internet access: <https://www.multibriefs.com/briefs/apta-pps/EmployeeRetention.pdf> [accessed April 10, 2023]. Search in Google Scholar

11 Bharadwaj, S., Khan, N. A., Yameen, M. (2022). Unbundling Employer Branding, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Identification and Employee Retention: A Sequential Mediation Analysis // Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration. Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 309–334. doi: 10.1108/APJBA-08-2020-0279 Search in Google Scholar

12 Bharadwaj, S., Yameen, M. (2021). Analyzing the Mediating Effect of Organizational Identification on the Relationship Between CSR Employer Branding and Employee Retention // Management Research Review. Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 718–737. doi: 10.1108/MRR-05-2020-0298 Search in Google Scholar

13 Bhatnagar, J. (2007). Talent Management Strategy of Employee Engagement in Indian ITES Employees: Key to Retention // Employee Relations. Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 640–663. doi: 10.1108/01425450710826122 Search in Google Scholar

14 Brown, R. (2000). Social Identity Theory: Past Achievements, Current Problems and Future Challenges // European Journal of Social Psychology. Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 745–778. Internet access: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1099-0992%28200011/12%2930:6%3C745::AIDEJSP24%3E3.0.CO;2-O> [accessed April 10, 2023]. Search in Google Scholar

15 Burmann, C., Zeplin, S., Riley, N. (2008). Key Determinants of Internal Brand Management Success: An Exploratory Empirical Analysis // Journal of Brand Management. Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 264–284. doi: 10.1057/bm.2008.6 Search in Google Scholar

16 Cameron, J. E. (2004). A Three-Factor Model of Social Identity // Self and Identity. Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 239–262. doi: 10.1080/13576500444000047 Search in Google Scholar

17 Cardy, R. L., Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (2011). Will They Stay or Will They Go? Exploring a Customer-Oriented Approach to Employee Retention // Journal of Business and Psychology. Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 213–217. doi: 10.1007/s10869-011-9223-8 Search in Google Scholar

18 Celani, A., Singh, P. (2011). Signaling Theory and Applicant Attraction Outcomes // Personnel Review. Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 222–238. doi: 10.1108/00483481111106093 Search in Google Scholar

19 da Costa, P. N. (2019). Tech Talent Scramble. The Global Competition for a Limited Pool of Technology Workers Is Heating Up // Finance & Development. March, pp. 47–49. Internet access: <https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2019/03/global-competition-for-technology-workers-costa.htm> [accessed May 15, 2024]. Search in Google Scholar

20 Crawford, R. (2015, September 1). The Role Reward Plays in Creating a Destination Employer // Employee Benefits. Internet access: <https://employeebenefits.co.uk/issues/julyaugust-2015/the-role-reward-plays-in-creating-a-destination-employer/> [accessed April 10, 2023]. Search in Google Scholar

21 Dechawatanapaisal, D. (2018). Employee Retention: The Effects of Internal Branding and Brand Attitudes in Sales Organizations // Personnel Review. Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 675–693. doi: 10.1108/pr-06-2017-0193 Search in Google Scholar

22 Du Preez, R., Bendixen, M. T. (2015). The Impact of Internal Brand Management on Employee Job Satisfaction, Brand Commitment and Intention to Stay // International Journal of Bank Marketing. Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 78–91. doi: 10.1108/ijbm-02-2014-0031 Search in Google Scholar

23 Edwards, M. R. (2010). An Integrative Review of Employer Branding and OB Theory // Personnel Review. Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 5–23. doi: 10.1108/00483481011012809 Search in Google Scholar

24 Fahim, M. G. A. (2018). Strategic Human Resource Management and Public Employee Retention // Review of Economics and Political Science. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 20–39. doi: 10.1108/reps-07-2018-002 Search in Google Scholar

25 Gilani, H., Cunningham, L. (2017). Employer Branding and Its Influence on Employee Retention: A Literature Review // The Marketing Review. Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 239–256. doi: 10.1362/146934717x14909733966209 Search in Google Scholar

26 Hartline, M. D., Ferrell, O. C. (1996). The Management of Customer-Contact Service Employees: An Empirical Investigation // Journal of Marketing. Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 52–70. doi: 10.1177/002224299606000406 Search in Google Scholar

27 Hatch, M. J., Schultz, M. (2002). The Dynamics of Organizational Identity // Human Relations. Vol. 55, No. 8, pp. 989–1018. doi: 10.1177/0018726702055008181 Search in Google Scholar

28 Holtom, B. C., Darabi, T. (2018). Job Embeddedness Theory as a Tool for Improving Employee Retention / In Psychology of Retention, ed. M. Coetzee, I. Potgieter and N. Ferreira. Springer, Cham, pp. 95–117. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-98920-4_5 Search in Google Scholar

29 Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., Eberly, M. B. (2008). Turnover and Retention Research: A Glance at the Past, a Closer Review of the Present, and a Venture into the Future // Academy of Management Annals. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 231–274. doi: 10.5465/19416520802211552 Search in Google Scholar

30 Hu, B., Liu, J., Zhang, X. (2020). The Impact of Employees’ Perceived CSR on Customer Orientation: An Integrated Perspective of Generalized Exchange and Social Identity Theory // International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. Vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 2345–2364. doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-10-2019-0822 Search in Google Scholar

31 Huang, Y.-T., Rundle-Thiele, S. (2015). A Holistic Management Tool for Measuring Internal Marketing Activities // Journal of Services Marketing. Vol. 29, No. 6/7, pp. 571–584. doi: 10.1108/jsm-03-2015-0112 Search in Google Scholar

32 ICT (n. d.). Versli Lietuva. Internet access: <https://www.enterpriselithuania.com/en/business-sectors/ict/> [accessed May 17, 2024]. Search in Google Scholar

33 Invest Lithuania (2021, January 19). Technology Sector in Lithuania. Internet access: https://investlithuania.com/technology/?_gl=1*de2jkq*_up*MQ..*_ga*MTkwNTkyNjcxMi4xNzI0MjQyMTI2*_ga_C3DF3G9HE8*MTcyNDI0MjEyNC4xLjAuMTcyNDI0MjEyNC4wLjAuMA [accessed May 17, 2023]. Search in Google Scholar

34 Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work // Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 692–724. doi: 10.5465/256287 Search in Google Scholar

35 Kaur, S. (2017). Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Engagement: A Literature Review // The IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior. Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 7–33. Search in Google Scholar

36 Khan, N. A., Bharadwaj, S., Khatoon, A., Jamal, M. T. (2021). Assessing the Nexus Between Employer Branding and Employee Retention: Moderating Role of Organizational Identification // Management and Labour Studies. Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 379–398. doi: 10.1177/0258042X211005330 Search in Google Scholar

37 Korte, R. F. (2007). A Review of Social Identity Theory with Implications for Training and Development // Journal of European Industrial Training. Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 166–180. doi: 10.1108/03090590710739250 Search in Google Scholar

38 Kucherov, D., Zavyalova, E. (2012). HRD Practices and Talent Management in the Companies with the Employer Brand // European Journal of Training and Development. Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 86–104. doi: 10.1108/03090591211192647 Search in Google Scholar

39 Lee, Y.-K., Kim, S., Kim, S. Y. (2013). The Impact of Internal Branding on Employee Engagement and Outcome Variables in the Hotel Industry // Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. Vol. 19, No. 12, pp. 1359–1380. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2013.863790 Search in Google Scholar

40 Lithuania’s Business Services Report (2023). Invest Lithuania. Internet access: https://investlithuania.com/report/gbs-report-2023/ [accessed May 15, 2024]. Search in Google Scholar

41 Liu, Z., Cai, Z., Li, J., Shi, S., Fang, Y. (2013). Leadership Style and Employee Turnover Intentions: A Social Identity Perspective // Career Development International. Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 305–324. doi: 10.1108/cdi-09-2012-0087 Search in Google Scholar

42 M’zungu, S. D. M., Merrilees, B., Miller, D. (2010). Brand Management to Protect Brand Equity: A Conceptual Model // Journal of Brand Management. Vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 605–617. doi: 10.1057/bm.2010.15 Search in Google Scholar

43 Maxwell, R., Knox, S. (2009). Motivating Employees to “Live the Brand”: A Comparative Case Study of Employer Brand Attractiveness Within the Firm // Journal of Marketing Management. Vol. 25, No. 9–10, pp. 893–907. doi: 10.1362/026725709x479282 Search in Google Scholar

44 McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Morris, M. A., Hernandez, M., Hebl, M. R. (2007). Racial Differences in Employee Retention: Are Diversity Climate Perceptions the Key? // Personnel Psychology. Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 35–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00064.x Search in Google Scholar

45 McLeod, S. (2019, August 3). Likert Scale Questionaire: Examples and Analysis. Simply Psychology. Internet access: <https://www.simplypsychology.org/likert-scale.html> [accessed May 17, 2023]. Search in Google Scholar

46 Melewar, T. C., Gotsi, M., Andriopoulos, C. (2012). Shaping the Research Agenda for Corporate Branding: Avenues for Future Research // European Journal of Marketing. Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 600–608. doi: 10.1108/03090561211235138 Search in Google Scholar

47 Naim, M. F., Lenka, U. (2018). Development and Retention of Generation Y Employees: A Conceptual Framework // Employee Relations. Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 433–455. doi: 10.1108/ER-09-2016-0172 Search in Google Scholar

48 Olkkonen, M.-E., Lipponen, J. (2006). Relationships Between Organizational Justice, Identification with Organization and Work Unit, and Group-Related Outcomes // Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Vol. 100, No. 2, pp. 202–215. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.08.007 Search in Google Scholar

49 Rodrigues, C. G., Sousa, B. B. (2024). The Role of Employer Branding and Internal Marketing in Talent Attraction and Retention: An Applied Study in a Portuguese Metallurgical Industry // EuroMed Journal of Business. Vol. ahead-of-print, No. ahead-of-print. doi: 10.1108/EMJB-07-2023-0173 Search in Google Scholar

50 Ross, J. A. (2014, August 7). Dealing with the Real Reasons People Leave. Harvard Business Review. Internet access: <https://hbr.org/2008/02/dealing-with-the-real-reasons> [accessed May 17, 2023]. Search in Google Scholar

51 Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Engagement // Journal of Managerial Psychology. Vol. 21, No. 7, pp. 600–619. doi: 10.1108/02683940610690169 Search in Google Scholar

52 Saleem, F. Z., Iglesias, O. (2016). Mapping the Domain of the Fragmented Field of Internal Branding // Journal of Product & Brand Management. Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 43–57. doi: 10.1108/jpbm-11-2014-0751 Search in Google Scholar

53 Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job Demands, Job Resources, and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study // Journal of Organizational Behavior. Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 293–315. doi: 10.1002/job.248 Search in Google Scholar

54 Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B. (2010). Defining and Measuring Work Engagement: Bringing Clarity to the Concept / In Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, ed. A. B. Bakker and M. P. Leiter. Psychology Press, pp. 10–24. Search in Google Scholar

55 Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., Bakker, A. B. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach // Journal of Happiness Studies. Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 71–92. doi: 10.1023/A:1015630930326 Search in Google Scholar

56 Sengupta, A., Bamel, U., Singh, P. (2015). Value Proposition Framework: Implications for Employer Branding // Decision. Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 307–323. doi: 10.1007/s40622-015-0097-x Search in Google Scholar

57 Tajfel, H. (ed.) (1978). Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. London, New York: Academic Press. Search in Google Scholar

58 Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict / In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, ed. W. G. Austin and S. W. Monterey. CA: Brooks/Cole, pp. 33–47. Search in Google Scholar

59 Tanwar, K., Kumar, A. (2019). Employer Brand, Person-Organisation Fit and Employer of Choice: Investigating the Moderating Effect of Social Media // Personnel Review. Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 799–823. doi: 10.1108/pr-10-2017-0299 Search in Google Scholar

60 Tanwar, K., Prasad, A. (2017). Employer Brand Scale Development and Validation: A Second-Order Factor Approach // Personnel Review. Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 389–409. doi: 10.1108/PR-03-2015-0065 Search in Google Scholar

61 Theurer, Ch. P., Tumasjan, A., Welpe, I. M., Lievens, F. (2018). Employer Branding: A Brand Equity-Based Literature Review and Research Agenda // International Journal of Management Reviews. Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 155–179. doi: 10.1111/ijmr.12121 Search in Google Scholar

62 Thomson, K., de Chernatony, L., Arganbright, L., Khan, S. (1999). The Buy-in Benchmark: How Staff Understanding and Commitment Impact Brand and Business Performance // Journal of Marketing Management. Vol. 15, No. 8, pp. 19–835. doi: 10.1362/026725799784772684 Search in Google Scholar

63 Tyler, T. R., Blader, S. L. (2003). The Group Engagement Model: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Cooperative Behavior // Personality and Social Psychology Review. Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 349–361. doi: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0704_07 Search in Google Scholar

64 Vallaster, Ch., de Chernatony, L. (2006). Internal Brand Building and Structuration: The Role of Leadership // European Journal of Marketing. Vol. 40, No. 7/8, pp. 761–784. doi: 10.1108/03090560610669982 Search in Google Scholar

65 WeiBo, Z., Kaur, S., Zhi, T. (2010). A Critical Review of Employee Turnover Model (1938–2009) and Development in Perspective of Performance // African Journal of Business Management. Vol. 4, No. 19, pp. 4146–4158. Search in Google Scholar

66 Xie, Ch., Bagozzi, R. P., Meland, K. V. (2015). The Impact of Reputation and Identity Congruence on Employer Brand Attractiveness // Marketing Intelligence & Planning. Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 124–146. doi: 10.1108/mip-03-2014-0051 Search in Google Scholar

67 Young, H. R., Glerum, D. R., Wang, W., Joseph, D. L. (2018). Who Are the Most Engaged at Work? A Meta-Analysis of Personality and Employee Engagement // Journal of Organizational Behavior. Vol. 39, No. 10, pp. 1330–1346. doi: 10.1002/job.2303 Search in Google Scholar

68 Younis, R. A. A., Hammad, R. (2020). Employer Image, Corporate Image and Organizational Attractiveness: The Moderating Role of Social Identity Consciousness // Personnel Review. Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 244–263. doi: 10.1108/pr-02-2019-0058 Search in Google Scholar

69 Zhong, L., Wayne, S. J., Liden, R. C. (2016). Job Engagement, Perceived Organizational Support, High-Performance Human Resource Practices, and Cultural Value Orientations: A Cross-Level Investigation // Journal of Organizational Behavior. Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 823–844. doi: 10.1002/job.2076 Search in Google Scholar