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Enhancing urban mobility: predicting cycle paths in Lublin city using GIS and open-source data

Wojciech Dawid

Wojciech Dawid

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of TechnologyWarsaw, Poland
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Dawid, Wojciech
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Bartosz Kubicki

Bartosz Kubicki

Department of Construction Materials Engineering and Geoengineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of TechnologyLublin, Poland
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Kubicki, Bartosz
  
28. Juli 2025
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Online veröffentlicht: 28. Juli 2025
Eingereicht: 29. Okt. 2024
Akzeptiert: 06. Apr. 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2025-0021
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© 2025 Wojciech Dawid et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Network of cycle tracks in the districts of LublinSource: own study
Network of cycle tracks in the districts of LublinSource: own study

Figure 2.

Explanatory variables: (a) digital elevation model; (b) private areas map; (c) water bodies map; (d) population density map; (e) slope map; (f) proximity to roads mapSource: own study
Explanatory variables: (a) digital elevation model; (b) private areas map; (c) water bodies map; (d) population density map; (e) slope map; (f) proximity to roads mapSource: own study

Figure 3.

OD-Matrix routes: (a) district–district, (b) district–destination Source: own study
OD-Matrix routes: (a) district–district, (b) district–destination Source: own study

Figure 4.

Average results: (a) proposed areas for the cycle path network, (b) demographic trend in 2018–2024, (c) spatial distribution of land cover changesSource: own study
Average results: (a) proposed areas for the cycle path network, (b) demographic trend in 2018–2024, (c) spatial distribution of land cover changesSource: own study

Figure 5.

Proposed cycle tracks and their prioritization Source: own study
Proposed cycle tracks and their prioritization Source: own study

Land cover change statistics [km2]

Land cover 2018 2030 2018–2030
Urban 76.81 80.45 3.65
Agriculture 53.60 50.06 −3.54
Vegetation 17.30 17.29 −0.01
Wetlands 0.00 0.00 0.00
Water 3.27 3.17 −0.10

Number of hexagons of new bicycle infrastructure compared to the existing one

cycle tracks prime supporting
proposed existing proposed existing
priority number share number value compared to the proposed ones * number share number value compared to the proposed ones *
high priority 40 2% 25 [2] 68% 106 3% 14 [0] 13%
medium priority 1 079 54% 498 [34] 49% 1 910 52% 210 [13] 12%
low priority 877 43% 430 [40] 54% 1 288 35% 147 [14] 12%
irrelevant 22 1% 3 [0] 14% 361 10% 78 [0] 22%
total 2 018 100% 956 [76] 51% 3 665 100% 449 [27] 13%

Length of cycle tracks in Lublin by type (as of December 2023)

Type of cycle track Characteristics Length [km]
Segregated path A section with separate lanes for pedestrians and bicycles 132.7
Shared use path Possibility of cycling on footpaths 12.4
Cycle track Clearly separated and independent of other roads 16.0
Contraflow cycle lane Allows bicycle traffic in the opposite direction on one-way roads (e.g. by separating the road and the bicycle lane) 5.4
Cycle passage Road surface intended for bicycles 6.8
With-flow cycle lane A separate road lane for bicycles only (cycle lane in the same direction as traffic) 30.4
Designed Sections designed – not yet implemented or in progress 9.0
Total 212.7

Summary of data used

Data / source Reference years Coordinate Systems Worldwide (EPSG number) Data provider (source) Purpose
Topographic Objects Database (BDOT10k) / vector 2024 ETRS89 / Poland CS92 (EPSG: 2180) Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGiK 2024) Road network, proximity to roads, built-up area, protected areas
Demographic data / PDF 2018–2024 - Lublin City Office (Urząd Miasta Lublin n.d.) Number of registrations
Land and building register (EGiB), Topographic Objects Database (BDOT500) / vector 2024 ETRS89 / Poland CS2000 zone 24 (EPSG: 2176) Geoportal of Lublin (Geoportal of Lublin n.d.) Administrative boundaries, bicycle infrastructure, right-of-way plots
Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) / grid 2023 World Mollweide (Pseudocylindrical) (EPSG: 54009) Joint Research Centre (JRC) (Schiavina et al. 2023) Population distribution
CORINE Land Cover (CLC) / vector 2006, 2012, 2018 ETRS89 / Poland CS92 (EPSG: 2180) Copernicus Land Monitoring Services (CORINE Land Cover 2024) Land cover
Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) / raster 2004 WGS 84 (World Geodetic System 1984) (EPSG: 4326) United States Geological Survey (USGS 2024) Elevation, slope
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