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Environmental and Human Impact on Gully Erosion Recorded in Fan Sediments: A Case Study of the Vilnius area, Lithuania

Ewa Smolska

Ewa Smolska

University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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Smolska, Ewa
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Piotr Szwarczewski

Piotr Szwarczewski

University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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Szwarczewski, Piotr
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Algimantas Česnulevičius

Algimantas Česnulevičius

Vilnius UniversityVilnius, Lithuania
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Česnulevičius, Algimantas
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Jonas Mažeika

Jonas Mažeika

Nature Research CentreVilnius, Lithuania
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Mažeika, Jonas
  
31. Okt. 2023
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Online veröffentlicht: 31. Okt. 2023
Seitenbereich: 172 - 179
Eingereicht: 10. Okt. 2023
Akzeptiert: 31. Okt. 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2023-0026
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© 2023 Ewa Smolska et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Location of the research area (A); the studied gullies superimposed on a background of the Vilnia valley (B); gully catchments and the main relief forms (C); and the location of drillings on the gully fans (D)Source: Geoportal.lt [29 October 2023]
Location of the research area (A); the studied gullies superimposed on a background of the Vilnia valley (B); gully catchments and the main relief forms (C); and the location of drillings on the gully fans (D)Source: Geoportal.lt [29 October 2023]

Figure 2.

Longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles of the studied gullies (dashed line - cutting of the fan after building a culvert under the road); m asl - meters above sea levelSource: Geopoprtal.lt [29 October 2023]
Longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles of the studied gullies (dashed line - cutting of the fan after building a culvert under the road); m asl - meters above sea levelSource: Geopoprtal.lt [29 October 2023]

Figure 3.

Granulometry, sedimentological indicators, and loss on ignition (LOI) for the sediments of gully fans I (A) and II (B), in depth profiles: Mz - mean grain size in phi scale, σ1 - standard deviation as sorting index, Sk1 - skewness, KG - kurtosis; 14C dating - cal. years AD; drilling locations as shown in Fig. 1D; a, b, c - lithological units (explanation in the text)Source: own study
Granulometry, sedimentological indicators, and loss on ignition (LOI) for the sediments of gully fans I (A) and II (B), in depth profiles: Mz - mean grain size in phi scale, σ1 - standard deviation as sorting index, Sk1 - skewness, KG - kurtosis; 14C dating - cal. years AD; drilling locations as shown in Fig. 1D; a, b, c - lithological units (explanation in the text)Source: own study

Figure 4.

Relationship between mean grain size (Mz) and sorting index (standard deviation-σ1) in phi scale, with trends for fluvial channel/gully sediments (solid line) and overbank/colluvial sediments (dotted line): drillings 2–7, a - upper lithological unit (accumulated since the seventeenth century), b - middle lithological units (early modern times), c - lower lithological units (Middle Ages)Source: own study
Relationship between mean grain size (Mz) and sorting index (standard deviation-σ1) in phi scale, with trends for fluvial channel/gully sediments (solid line) and overbank/colluvial sediments (dotted line): drillings 2–7, a - upper lithological unit (accumulated since the seventeenth century), b - middle lithological units (early modern times), c - lower lithological units (Middle Ages)Source: own study

Radiocarbon age of the studied fans at the mouth of the gullies (conventional dating), calibrated OxCal v_ 4_4_4 (Reimer et al_ 2020; Bronk Ramsey 2021)

Lab. index Sample, no. /depth [m] Material 14C age, years (BP) and error, (±1σ) Calibrated age (cal. AD) for 95.45% probability
Vs-2735 Belmonto 3/1.45 soil 1125±200 567–1274
Vs-2736 Belmonto 6/1.40 peat 360±70 1420–1659
Vs-2737 Belmonto 7/0.72 peat 620±75 1271–1435
Vs-2738 Belmonto 8/0.85 peat 1390±70 540–777
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