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Multivariate mapping for experienced users: comparing extrinsic and intrinsic maps with univariate maps

Jolanta Korycka-Skorupa
Jolanta Korycka-Skorupa
 und 
Izabela Gołębiowska
Izabela Gołębiowska
   | 25. Juli 2021
Miscellanea Geographica's Cover Image
Miscellanea Geographica
Band 25 (2021): Heft 4 (October 2021)
Thematic Issue: “Innovation in geospatial and 3D data” focuses on the newest achievements in the field of Geodata, which are used in Geosciences and for various applications such as urban planning, territorial management, damage assessment, environmental monitoring, 3D city modelling, renewable energy assessment, land registry, heritage documentation.
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Online veröffentlicht: 25. Juli 2021
Seitenbereich: 259 - 271
Eingereicht: 22. Juni 2021
Akzeptiert: 06. Juli 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0068
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© 2021 Jolanta Korycka-Skorupa et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Two solutions when designing bivariate maps: extrinsic (left) and intrinsic (right)Source: own elaboration
Two solutions when designing bivariate maps: extrinsic (left) and intrinsic (right)Source: own elaboration

Figure 2

Examples of maps tested in the studySource: own elaboration
Examples of maps tested in the studySource: own elaboration

Figure 3

The sets of maps and task solved by each participant (a participant was randomly assigned to a set)Source: own elaboration
The sets of maps and task solved by each participant (a participant was randomly assigned to a set)Source: own elaboration

Figure 4

The study procedureSource: own elaboration
The study procedureSource: own elaboration

Figure 5

Answer accuracy of participants when using different multivariate map typesSource: own elaboration
Answer accuracy of participants when using different multivariate map typesSource: own elaboration

Figure 6

Answer time of participants when using different multivariate map typesSource: own elaboration
Answer time of participants when using different multivariate map typesSource: own elaboration

Figure 7

Rating of task difficulty after using the three tested mapsSource: own elaboration
Rating of task difficulty after using the three tested mapsSource: own elaboration

Figure 8

Heatmaps showing visual attention distribution when solving different task types (in rows) using the three tested map types (in columns)Source: own elaboration
Heatmaps showing visual attention distribution when solving different task types (in rows) using the three tested map types (in columns)Source: own elaboration

Figure 9

Fixation duration on maps with legends while using the three tested mapsSource: own elaboration
Fixation duration on maps with legends while using the three tested mapsSource: own elaboration

Figure 10

Fixation duration on map AOI while using the three tested mapsSource: own elaboration
Fixation duration on map AOI while using the three tested mapsSource: own elaboration

Figure 11

Fixation duration on legend AOI while using the three tested mapsSource: own elaboration
Fixation duration on legend AOI while using the three tested mapsSource: own elaboration

Figure 12

The share of fixation durations on map itself and on map legendSource: own elaboration
The share of fixation durations on map itself and on map legendSource: own elaboration

Examples of questions asked in the study

Task type Number of variables in the task Question Operation type Question type
T1v 1 Indicate the area visited by the least number of individual tourists. extracting a single value open
What hotel room price per night is possible in the area marked with symbol ‘X’?PLN 42.8/PLN 75.6/PLN 137.9/PLN 332.2 closed
In which areas among those marked with letters are the trail lengths the shortest?A/B/C/D closed
T2v 2 What is the income from tourism in the area visited by the highest number of tourists?PLN 7.5K–10K per person/PLN 10.1K–15K per person/PLN 15.1K–25K per person/PLN 25.1K–47.5K per person localising an area according to values of two variables closed
Indicate the area with the lowest hotel room price per night and, at the same time, the lowest number of restaurants. open
Among areas with 11–20 tourists per 10 km of bike routes, indicate the one with the shortest length of bike trails. open
T4v 4 In which group of areas marked with letters are the values of all variables the lowest?A/B/C/D finding areas representing extreme values of all four variables closed
Indicate the area with extreme (min or max) values of at least three variables. open
Are there areas with the highest values for all four indices?yes/no closed

Accuracy of different task types using the three tested maps

Task type Map type Accuracy rate % Cochran's Q p post hoc groups Bonferroni post hoc p
T4v M4vM2vM1v 73.3373.33100.00 4.000 0.135 - - -
T2v M4vM2vM1v 60.0060.0093.33 4.545 0.103 - - -
T1v M4vM2vM1v 73.3393.33100.00 6.500 0.039 * M4v – M2vM2v – M1vM1v – M4v −1.837−0.612−2.449 0.1991.0000.043 *

Fixation duration on legend AOI while using the three tested maps

Task type Map type M (sec.) SD Friedman's Fr p post hoc groups Bonferroni post hoc p
T4v M4vM2vM1v 12.165.512.10 8.7503.8441.453 24.400 <0.001 *** M4v – M2vM2v – M1vM1v – M4v 2.1912.7394.930 0.0850.019 *0.000 ***
T2v M4vM2vM1v 21.619.1610.40 12.2374.56610.878 14.533 <0.001 *** M4v – M2vM2v – M1vM1v – M4v 3.469−0.3653.104 0.002 **1.0000.006 **
T1v M4vM2vM1v 8.5610.525.33 5.66912.6003.933 0.533 0.766 - - -

Answer time while solving different task types using the three tested maps

Task type Map type M (sec.) SD Friedman's Fr p post hoc groups Bonferroni post hoc p
T4v M4vM2vM1v 49.4443.9939.58 20.00313.30021.145 3.733 0.155 - - -
T2v M4vM2vM1v 66,7157.2759.86 25.92524.78232.335 3.733 0.155 - - -
T1v M4vM2vM1v 35.8944.4827.32 12.14737.58215.248 2.133 0.344 - - -

Fixation duration on maps with legends while solving different task types using the three tested maps

Task type Map type M (sec.) SD Friedman's Fr P post hoc groups Bonferroni post hoc p
T4v M4vM2vM1v 27.4120.1714.66 12.03610.7627.973 8.533 0.014 * M4v – M2vM2v – M1vM1v – M4v 1.4611.4612.921 0.4320.4320.010 **
T2v M4vM2vM1v 31.8632.9721.10 14.36818.86815.902 3.333 0.189 - - -
T1v M4vM2vM1v 16.2121.0410.71 5.55216.3895.249 12.133 0.002 ** M4v – M2vM2v – M1vM1v – M4v -0.1833.1042.921 1.0000.006 **0.010 **

Rating of task difficulty after using the three tested maps

Task type Map type M SD Friedman's Fr p post hoc groups Bonferroni post hoc p
T4v M4vM2vM1v 2.801.872.00 0.2620.2150.239 8,619 0.013 * M4v – M2vM2v – M1vM1v – M4v 2.373−0.6391.734 0.0531.0000.249
T2v M4vM2vM1v 2.802.802.33 0.3270.3120.232 2.476 0.290 - - -
T1v M4vM2vM1v 2.202.001.40 0.2000.2580.131 11.886 0.003 ** M4v – M2vM2v – M1vM1v – M4v 0.7301.8262.556 1.0000.2040.032 *

Fixation duration on map AOI while using the three tested maps

Task type Map type M (sec.) SD Friedman's Fr P post hoc groups Bonferroni post hoc p
T4v M4vM2vM1v 15.2514.6612.57 7.2698.4887.564 0.933 0.627 - - -
T2v M4vM2vM1v 10.2523.8110.69 5.15916.4157.043 6.933 0.031 * M4v – M2vM2v – M1vM1v – M4v −2.5561.826−0.730 0.032 *0.2041.000
T1v M4vM2vM1v 7.6410.525.38 4.7387.9183.309 6.933 0.031 * M4v – M2vM2v – M1vM1v – M4v −1.8262.5560.730 0.2040.032 *1.000
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