Identifying the Climatic Conditions in Iraq by Tracking Down Cooling Events in the North Atlantic Ocean in the Period 3000–0 BC

Bartov, Y, Goldstein, S, Stein, M & Enzel, Y 2003,‘Catastrophic arid episodes in the Eastern Mediterranean linked with the North Atlantic Heinrich events’, Geology, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 439–442.10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0439:CAEITE>2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Bond, G, Kromer, B, Beer, J, Muscheler, R, Evans, MN, Showers, W, Hoffmann, S, Lotti-Bond, R, Hajdas, I & Bonani, G 2001,‘Persistent solar infuence on north Atlantic climate during the Holocene’, Science, vol. 294, pp. 2130–2136.10.1126/science.1065680Search in Google Scholar

Bond, G, Kromer, B, Beer, J, Muscheler, R, Evans, MN, Showers, W, Hoffmann, S, Lotti-Bond, R, Hajdas, I & Bonani, G 2008, North Atlantic Holocene Drift Ice Proxy Data. IGBP PAGES/ World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series 2008-018. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. Available from: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/%20 data/paleo/contributions_by_author/bond2001/bond2001. txt”ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_ author/bond2001/bond2001.txt>. [22 November 2012].Search in Google Scholar

Cullen, HM & deMenocal, P 2000a,‘North Atlantic Infuence on Tigris-Euphrates Streamfow’, International journal of climatology, vol. 20, pp. 853–863.10.1002/1097-0088(20000630)20:8<853::AID-JOC497>3.0.CO;2-MSearch in Google Scholar

Cullen, HM, deMenocal, PB, Hemming, S, Hemming, G, Brown, FH, Guilderson, T & Sirocko, F 2000b,‘Climate change and the collapse of the Akkadian empire: evidence from the deep sea’, Geology, vol. 28, pp. 379–382.10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0379:CCATCO>2.3.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Cullen, H, Kaplan, A, Arkin, PA & Demenocal, P 2002,‘Impact of the north Atlantic oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and stream fow’, Climatic Change, vol. 55, pp. 315–338.10.1023/A:1020518305517Search in Google Scholar

El-Moslimany, AP 1983, History of climate and vegetation in the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East from the Pleniglacial to the Mid-Holocene, Ph.D Thesis, University of Washington.Search in Google Scholar

Fleitmann, D, Burns, SJ, Mangini, A, Mudesee, M, Kramers, J, Villa, L, Neff, U, Al-Subbary, AA, Buettner, A, Hippler, D & Matter, A 2007,‘Holocene ITCZ and Indian monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra)’, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 26, pp. 170–188.10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.04.012Search in Google Scholar

Hong, YT, Hong, B, Lin, QH, Zhu, YX, Shibata, Y, Hirota, M, Uchida, M, Leng. X, Jiang, H, Xu, H, Wang, H & Yi, L 2003,‘Correlation between Indian Ocean summer monsoon and North Atlantic climate during the Holocene’, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol. 211, pp. 371–380.10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00207-3Search in Google Scholar

Hurrell, JW 1995,‘Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation’, Science, vol. 269, pp. 676–679.10.1126/science.269.5224.676Search in Google Scholar

Hurrell, JW & Deser, C 2009,‘North Atlantic climate variability: The role of the North Atlantic Oscillation’, Journal of Marine Systems, vol. 78, pp. 28–41.10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.026Search in Google Scholar

Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology, Department of climate, monthly precipitation and temperature data. (Unpublished data)Search in Google Scholar

Kaniewski, D, Paulissen, E, Van Campo, E, Weiss, H, Otto, T, Bretschneider, J & Van lerberghe, K 2010,‘Late second–early frst millennium BC abrupt climate changes in coastal Syria and their possible signifcance for the history of the Eastern Mediterranean’, Quaternary Research, vol. 74, pp. 207–215.10.1016/j.yqres.2010.07.010Search in Google Scholar

Keigwin, LD & Boyle, EA 2000,‘Detecting Holocene changes in thermohaline circulation’, proceedings of the National Academy of Science, vol. 97, pp. 1343–1346.10.1073/pnas.97.4.13433430010677463Search in Google Scholar

Kim, J, Meggers, H, Rimbu, N, Lohmann, G, Freudenthal, T, Muller, PJ & Schneider, RR 2007,‘Impacts of the North Atlantic gyre circulation on Holocene climate off northwest Africa’, Geology, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 387–390.10.1130/G23251A.1Search in Google Scholar

Kostopoulou, E & Jones, PD 2007,‘Comprehensive analysis of the climate variability in the eastern Mediterranean. Part II: relationships between atmospheric circulation patterns and surface climatic elements’, International Journal of Climatology, vol. 27, pp. 1351–1371.10.1002/joc.1466Search in Google Scholar

Kwiecien, O, Arz, HW, Lamy, F, Plessen, B, Bahr, A & Haug, G 2009,‘North Atlantic control on precipitation pattern in the eastern Mediterranean / Black Sea region during the last glacial’, Quaternary Research, vol. 71, pp. 375–384.10.1016/j.yqres.2008.12.004Search in Google Scholar

Lamy, F, Arz, HW, Bond, GC, Bahr, A & Patzold, J 2006,‘Multicentennial-scale hydrological changes in the Black Sea and northern Red Sea during the Holocene and the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation’, Paleoceanography, vol. 21, PA10008, pp. 1–11. Availble from: WILEY [21 February 2006].10.1029/2005PA001184Search in Google Scholar

Lohmann, G, Lorenz, SJ & Prange, M 2005,‘Northern high-latitude climate changes during the Holocene as simulated by circulation models’, Geophysical Monograph, vol. 158, pp. 273–288.10.1029/158GM18Search in Google Scholar

Malinowski, JC (ed) 2003, Iraq; A Geography, West Point, NY: United States Military Academy.Search in Google Scholar

Mayewski, PA, Rohling, E, Stager, JC, Karlén, W, Maasch, KA, Meeker, LD, Meyerson, EA, Gasse, F, Van Kreveld, S, Holmgren, K, Lee-Thorp, J, Rosqvist, G, Rack, F, Staubwasser, M, Schneider, RR & Steig, EJ 2004,‘Holocene climate variability’, Quaternary Research, vol. 62, pp. 243– 255.10.1016/j.yqres.2004.07.001Search in Google Scholar

Neumann, J & Parpola, S 1987,‘Climate change and the eleventh-tenth century eclipse of Assyria and Babylonian’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 161–182.10.1086/373244Search in Google Scholar

Nieto-Moreno, V, Martinez-Ruiz, F, Giralt, S, Jiménez-Espejo, F, Gallego-Torres, D, Rodrigo-Gámiz, M, García-Orellana, J, Ortega-Huertas, M and de Lange, GJ 2011,‘Tracking climate variability in the western Mediterranean during the Late Holocene: a multiproxy approach’, Climate of the past, vol. 7, pp. 1395–1414. Available from: <http://www.clim-past.net/7/1395/2011/html> [21 February 2011].10.5194/cp-7-1395-2011Search in Google Scholar

Possehl, G 1997,‘Climate and the eclipse of the ancient cities of the Indus’. In Third Millennium BC. Climate change and old world collapse, ed. H. Dalfes, G, Kukla, & H, Weiss, Heidelberg; Springer-Verlag, pp. 193–244.10.1007/978-3-642-60616-8_8Search in Google Scholar

Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planning, Control statically organization “Annual statistical abstract”, part one, pp. 2010–2011.Search in Google Scholar

Rimbu, N, Lohmann, G, Kim, JH, Arz, HW & Schneider, R 2003,‘Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation signature in Holocene sea surface temperature trends as obtained from alkenone data’, Geophysical research letters, vol. 30, no 6, pp. 1–13.10.1029/2002GL016570Search in Google Scholar

Rimbu, N, Lohmann, G, Lorenz, SJ, Kim, JH & Schneider, RR 2004,‘Holocene climate variability as derived from alkenone sea surface temperature and coupled ocean-atmosphere model experiments’, Climate Dynamics, vol. 23, pp. 215–227.10.1007/s00382-004-0435-8Search in Google Scholar

Roberts, N, Brayshaw, D, Kuzucuoglu, C, Perez, R & Sadori, L 2011,‘The mid-Holocene climatic transition in the Mediterranean: Causes and consequences’, The Holocene, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 3–13.10.1177/0959683610388058Search in Google Scholar

Susa, A 1963, Baghdad’s fooding in history, the frst section, Baghdad. (In Arabic)Search in Google Scholar

The Climate Data Guide: Hurrell North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index (station-based).” Available from: <http://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/hurrell-north-atlantic-oscillation-nao-index-station-based>.Search in Google Scholar

Thamban, M, Kawahata, H & Rao, VP 2007,‘Indian summer Monsoon Variability during the Holocene as Recorded in Sediments of the Arabian Sea: Timing and Implications’, Journal of Oceanography, vol. 63, pp. 1009–1020.10.1007/s10872-007-0084-8Search in Google Scholar

Trouet, V, Esper, J, Graham, N, Baker, A, Scourse, J & Frank, D 2009,‘Persistent positive North Atlantic oscillation mode dominated the Medieval Climate Anomaly’. Science, vol. 324, pp. 78–80. Available from: <ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/nao-trouet2009. txt>. [22 November 2012].10.1126/science.116634919342585Search in Google Scholar

Visbeck, M, Chassignet, EP, Curry, R, Delworth, T, Dickson, B & Krahmann, G 2003,‘The ocean’s response to North Atlantic Oscillation variability, in The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Signifcance and Environmental Impact’, eds JW Hurrell, Y Kushnir, G Ottersen, Geophysical Monograph Series, Washington, vol. 134, pp. 113–145.10.1029/134GM06Search in Google Scholar

Visbeck, M, Cullen, H, Krahmann, G & Naik, N 1998,‘An oceans model’s response to North Atlantic Oscillation like wind forcing’, Geophysical research letters, vol. 25, no 24, pp. 4521–4524.10.1029/1998GL900162Search in Google Scholar

Walker, M 2005, Iraq a Full-Year Study Climatology Study, Air Force Combat Climatology Center (AFCCC), Asheville, north Carolina.Search in Google Scholar

Wanner, H, Bronnimann, S, Casty, C, Gyalistras, D, Luterbacher, J, Schmutz, C, Stephenson, DB & Xoplaki, E 2001,‘North Atlantic Oscillation- concepts and studies’, Surveys in Geophysics, vol. 22, pp. 321–382.10.1023/A:1014217317898Search in Google Scholar

Weiss, H, Courty, MA, Wetterstrom, W, Guichard, F, Senior, L, Meadow, R & Curnow, A 1993,‘The genesis and collapse of third millennium north Mesopotamian civilization’, Science, vol. 261, pp. 995–1004.10.1126/science.261.5124.99517739617Search in Google Scholar