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Vector-borne diseases imported to Poland between 2021 and 2023

Łukasz Adaszek
Łukasz Adaszek
, 
Marta Staniec
Marta Staniec
, 
Banu Dokuzeylül
Banu Dokuzeylül
, 
Maria Pisarek
Maria Pisarek
, 
Maciej Skrzypczak
Maciej Skrzypczak
, 
Paweł Żółkiewski
Paweł Żółkiewski
, 
Małgorzata Rutkowska-Szulczyk
Małgorzata Rutkowska-Szulczyk
, 
Łukasz Deneka
Łukasz Deneka
, 
Mehmet Erman Or
Mehmet Erman Or
 und 
Stanisław Winiarczyk
Stanisław Winiarczyk
   | 20. Juni 2024
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Online veröffentlicht: 20. Juni 2024
Seitenbereich: 215 - 222
Eingereicht: 25. März 2024
Akzeptiert: 11. Juni 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2024-0033
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© 2024 Łukasz Adaszek et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Clinical signs observed in non-indigenous and travelling dogs with vector-borne diseases

Identified pathogen Number of infected dogs Number of dogs with the particular clinical sign
Apathy Fever Pale mucus membranes Icterus Lameness/muscle pain Gastroenteric problems Neurological signs Discolouration of the urine Dermatological signs Epistaxis
Brucella canis 27 27 19 23 4 0 10 0 24 0 0
Babesia gibsoni 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
Anaplasma phagocytophilum 20 20 11 6 0 4 3 1 0 0 4
Mycoplasma haemocanis Bartonella 15 15 8 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
henselae 7 7 5 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Ehrlichia canis 4 4 3 3 0 2 1 0 0 1 2
Hepatozoon canis Leishmania 3 3 1 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
infantum 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
No infection 418 379 306 361 16 4 83 4 0 2 0
Total 497 458 356 420 20 12 98 5 26 4 6
P-value 0.002 0.078 0.016 0.540 8.517 × 10−5 0.999 0.581 2.200 × 10−16 0.121 1.369 × 10−5

Results of vector-borne disease pathogen isolation and amplification from samples of non-indigenous and travelling dogs by country of origin or destination

Country Number of dogs infected with the particular pathogen
Babesia canis Babesia gibsoni Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ehrlichia cams Hepatozoon canis Leishmania infantum Mycoplasma haemocanis Bartonella henselae Total
Ukraine 15 0 12 1 0 0 8 3 39
Croatia 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7
Turkey 0 0 4 0 3 1 4 4 16
Italy 1 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 6
Bulgaria 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4
Albania 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 4
Romania 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Total 27 2 20 4 3 1 15 7 79

Primers and PCR conditions for detection and identification of Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp., Babesia canis, Babesia gibsoni, Bartonella henselae, Hepatozoon canis, Mycoplasma haemocanis and Leishmania infantum in samples of non-indigenous and travelling dogs

Pathogen Primers Target gene Amplicon size (base pairs (bp)) PCR conditions Reference
Anaplasma/ Ehrlichia spp. EHR 521: (5′-TGT AGG CGG TTC GGT AAG TTA AAG-3′) EHR 747: (5′-GCA CTC ATC GTT TAC AGC GTG-3′) 16S RNA 247 bp 35 cycles: denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 56°C for 30 s, extension at 72°C for 45 s Pancholi et al. (37)
Babesia canis BAB GF2: (5′-GTC TTG TAA TTG GAA TGA TGG-3′)BAB GR2: (5′-CCA AAG ACT TTG ATT TCT CTC-3′) 18S RNA 559 bp 50 cycles: denaturation at 92°C for 60 s, annealing at 52°C for 60 s extension at72°C for 90 s Adaszek and Winiarczyk (3)
Babesia gibsoni d3: (5′-TCC GTT CCC ACA ACA-CCA GC- 3′)d4: (5′-TCC TCC TCA TCA TCC TCA TTC G-3′) P18/BgTRAP 182 bp 50 cycles: denaturation at92°C for 60 s, annealing a52°C for 60 s extension at72°C for 90 s Fukumoto et al. (16)
Bartonella henselae BART-LC-GEN-F: (5′-ATG GGT TTT GGT CAT CGA GT-3′)BART-LC-HEN-R: (5′-AA ATCGACATTAGGGTAAAGTTTTT-3′) Citrate synthase 250 bp 40 cycles: denaturation at96°C for 60 s, annealing at60°C for 60 s extension at72°C for 90 s Staggemeier et al. (43)
Hepatozoon canis HepF: (5′-ATA-CAT-GAG-CAA-AAT-CTC- AAC-3′)HepR (5′-CTT-ATT-ATT-CCA-TGC-TGC- AG-3′) 18S RNA 666 bp 34 cycles: denaturation at95°C for 30 s, annealing at53°C for 30 s extension at72°C for 90 s Inokuma et al. (24)
Mycoplasma haemocanis SYBR_TGA ACG ATG AA-3′)SYBR_Reverse 1: (5′-TGG CAC ATA GTT TGC TGT CAC TT – 3′)SYBR_Reverse 2: (5′-GCT GGC ACA TAG TTA GCT GTC ACT-3′) 16S RNA 103 bp 40 cycles: denaturation at95°C for 30 s, annealing at60°C for 60 s extension at72°C for 90 s Willi et al. (52)
Leishmania infantum N13A(5′-AAC TTT TCT GGT CCT CCG GG-3′)N13B (5′-CCC CCA GTT TCC CGC CC-3′) kinetoplast DNA minicircle 120 bp 40 cycles: denaturation at94°C for 30 s, annealing at58°C for 30 s extension at72°C for 30 s Francino et al. (15)

The effectiveness of ectoparasite prevention and probability of infection in the group of protected non-indigenous and travelling dogs

Country Number of protected and infected dogs Number of non-protected and infected dogs Number of protected and non-infected dogs Number of non-protected and non-infected dogs P-value 95 % confidence interval Odds ratio
Ukraine 4 35 32 113 0.115 0.097–1.260 0.405
Croatia 2 5 70 19 0.009 0.009–0.747 0.111
Turkey 3 13 62 1 2.845 × 10−11 9.562 × 10−5–4.478 × 10−2 0.005
Italy 1 5 41 1 2.062 × 10−5 1.123 × 10−4–1.262 × 10−1 0.007
Bulgaria,Romania and Albania 1 10 61 18 2.007 × 10−5 6.752 × 10−4–2.415 × 10−1 0.031
Total 11 68 266 152 2.200 × 10−16 0.042–0.184 0.092

Haematological disorders observed in non-indigenous and travelling dogs with vector-borne diseases

Identified pathogen Number of infected dogs Number of dogs with the particular haematologicaldisorder
Anaemia Thrombocytopaenia Normal PLT Leukocytosis Leukopaenia Normal WBC
Brucella canis 27 27 27 0 2 21 4
Babesia gibsoni 2 2 2 0 1 1 0
Anaplasma phagocytophilum 20 20 20 0 3 1 16
Mycoplasma haemocanis 15 15 9 6 10 0 5
Bartonella henselae 7 7 7 0 2 0 5
Ehrlichia canis 4 4 4 0 0 1 3
Hepatozoon canis 3 3 1 2 3 0 0
Leishmania infantum 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
No infection 418 418 343 75 26 19 373
Total 497 497 413 84 48 43 406
P-value - 0.191 0.191 1.807 × 10−7 1.949 × 10−10 2.200 × 10−16

Non-indigenous and travelling dogs screened for vector-borne diseases, by country of origin or destination

Country Number of examined dogs Number of dogs protected against ectoparasites Number of infected dogs Number of infected dogs protected against ectoparasites
Ukraine 184 36 39 4
Croatia 96 72 7 2
Turkey 79 65 16 3
Italy 48 42 6 1
Bulgaria 42 30 4 1
Albania 36 31 4 0
Romania 12 8 3 0
Total 497 284 79 11
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