Balantidium coli in pig farms suspected of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) associated enteritis

1Ahmed A., Ijaz M., Ayyub R.M., Ghaffar A., Ghauri H.N., Aziz M.U., Ali S., Altaf M., Awais M., Naveed M., Nawab Y., Javed M.U.: Balantidium coli in domestic animals: An emerging protozoan pathogen of zoonotic significance. Acta Trop 2020, 203, 105298, doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105298. Ahmed A. Ijaz M. Ayyub R.M. Ghaffar A. Ghauri H.N. Aziz M.U. Ali S. Altaf M. Awais M. Naveed M. Nawab Y. Javed M.U. Balantidium coli in domestic animals: An emerging protozoan pathogen of zoonotic significance Acta Trop 2020 203 105298 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.10529831837314Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

2Alvarez-Ordóñez A., Martínez-Lobo F.J., Arguello H., Carvajal A., Rubio P.: Swine dysentery: aetiology, pathogenicity, determinants of transmission and the fight against the disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013, 10, 1927–1947, doi: 10.3390/ijerph10051927. Alvarez-Ordóñez A. Martínez-Lobo F.J. Arguello H. Carvajal A. Rubio P. Swine dysentery: aetiology, pathogenicity, determinants of transmission and the fight against the disease Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013 10 1927 1947 10.3390/ijerph10051927370935723665849Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

3Baró J., Segalés J., Martínez J.: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) enteric disease: an independent condition or part of the systemic disease? Vet Microbiol 2015, 176, 83–87, doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.006. Baró J. Segalés J. Martínez J. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) enteric disease: an independent condition or part of the systemic disease? Vet Microbiol 2015 176 83 87 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.006717216725631251Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

4Brewer M.T., Greve J.H.: Chapter 67: Internal parasites. In: Diseases of Swine, edited by J.J. Zimmerman, L.A. Karriker, A. Ramirez, K.J. Schwartz, G.W. Stevenson J. Zhang, Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, USA, 2019, pp. 1028–1040, doi: 10.1002/9781119350927.ch67. Brewer M.T. Greve J.H. Chapter 67: Internal parasites In Diseases of Swine edited by Zimmerman J.J. Karriker L.A. Ramirez A. Schwartz K.J. Stevenson G.W. Zhang J. Wiley-Blackwell Ames, Iowa, USA 2019 pp 1028 1040 10.1002/9781119350927.ch67Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

5Decundo J.M., Diéguez S.N., Martinez G., Romanelli A., Fernández Paggi M.B., Pérez Gaudio D.S., Amanto F.A., Soraci A.L.: Impact of water hardness on oxytetracycline oral bioavailability in fed and fasted piglets. Vet Med Sci 2019, 5, 517–525, doi: 10.1002/vms3.185. Decundo J.M. Diéguez S.N. Martinez G. Romanelli A. Fernández Paggi M.B. Pérez Gaudio D.S. Amanto F.A. Soraci A.L. Impact of water hardness on oxytetracycline oral bioavailability in fed and fasted piglets Vet Med Sci 2019 5 517 525 10.1002/vms3.185686845431282118Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

6Giarratana F., Muscolino D., Taviano G., Ziino G.: Balantidium coli in Pigs Regularly Slaughtered at Abattoirs of the Province of Messina: Hygienic Observations. Open J Vet Med 2012, 2, 77–80, doi: 10.4236/ojvm.2012.22013. Giarratana F. Muscolino D. Taviano G. Ziino G. Balantidium coli in Pigs Regularly Slaughtered at Abattoirs of the Province of Messina: Hygienic Observations Open J Vet Med 2012 2 77 80 10.4236/ojvm.2012.22013Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

7Grau-Roma L., Fraile L., Segalés J.: Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis and control of diseases caused by porcine circovirus type 2. Vet 2011, 187, 23–32, doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.01.018. Grau-Roma L. Fraile L. Segalés J. Recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis and control of diseases caused by porcine circovirus type 2 Vet 2011 187 23 32 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.01.01820211570Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

8Hindsbo O., Nielsen C.V., Andreassen J., Willingham A.L., Bendixen M., Nielsen M.A., Nielsen N.O.: Age-dependent occurrence of the intestinal ciliate Balantidium coli in pigs at a Danish research farm. Acta Vet Scand 2000, 41, 79–83, doi: 10.1186/BF03549657. Hindsbo O. Nielsen C.V. Andreassen J. Willingham A.L. Bendixen M. Nielsen M.A. Nielsen N.O. Age-dependent occurrence of the intestinal ciliate Balantidium coli in pigs at a Danish research farm Acta Vet Scand 2000 41 79 83 10.1186/BF03549657Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

9Jensen T.K., Vigre H., Svensmark B., Bille-Hansen V.: Distinction between porcine circovirus type 2 enteritis and porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. J Comp Pathol 2006, 135, 176–182, doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.08.006. Jensen T.K. Vigre H. Svensmark B. Bille-Hansen V. Distinction between porcine circovirus type 2 enteritis and porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis J Comp Pathol 2006 135 176 182 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.08.00617070535Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10Kilbourn A.M., Karesh W.B., Wolfe N.D., Bosi E.J., Cook R.A., Andau M.: Health evaluation of free-ranging and semi-captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in Sabah, Malaysia. J Wildl Dis 2003, 39, 73–83, doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-39.1.73. Kilbourn A.M. Karesh W.B. Wolfe N.D. Bosi E.J. Cook R.A. Andau M. Health evaluation of free-ranging and semi-captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in Sabah, Malaysia J Wildl Dis 2003 39 73 83 10.7589/0090-3558-39.1.7312685070Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

11Kim J., Ha Y., Jung K., Choi C., Chae C.: Enteritis associated with porcine circovirus 2 in pigs. Can J Vet Res 2004, 68, 218–221. Kim J. Ha Y. Jung K. Choi C. Chae C. Enteritis associated with porcine circovirus 2 in pigs Can J Vet Res 2004 68 218 221Search in Google Scholar

12Olkowski A.A.: Livestock water quality: A field guide for cattle, horses, poultry and swine. Minister and Department of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 2009. Olkowski A.A. Livestock water quality: A field guide for cattle, horses, poultry and swine. Minister and Department of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon 2009Search in Google Scholar

13Opriessnig T., Halbur P.G.: Concurrent infections are important for expression of porcine circovirus associated disease. Virus Res 2012, 164, 20–32, doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.014. Opriessnig T. Halbur P.G. Concurrent infections are important for expression of porcine circovirus associated disease Virus Res 2012 164 20 32 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.014711443221959087Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

14Opriessnig T., Karuppannan A.K., Castro A.M., Xiao C.-T.: Porcine circoviruses: current status, knowledge gaps and challenges. Virus Res 2020, 286, 198044, doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198044. Opriessnig T. Karuppannan A.K. Castro A.M. Xiao C.-T. Porcine circoviruses: current status, knowledge gaps and challenges Virus Res 2020 286 198044 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.19804432502553Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15Opriessnig T., Meng X.-J., Halbur P.G.: Porcine circovirus type 2 associated disease: update on current terminology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and intervention strategies. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007, 19, 591–615, doi: 10.1177/104063870701900601. Opriessnig T. Meng X.-J. Halbur P.G. Porcine circovirus type 2 associated disease: update on current terminology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and intervention strategies J Vet Diagn Invest 2007 19 591 615 10.1177/10406387070190060117998548Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16Rosell C., Segalés J., Plana-Durán J., Balasch M., Rodríguez-Arrioja G.M., Kennedy S., Allan G.M., McNeilly F., Latimer K.S., Domingo M.: Pathological, immunohistochemical, and in-situ hybridization studies of natural cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs. J Comp Pathol 1999, 120, 59–78, doi: 10.1053/jcpa.1998.0258. Rosell C. Segalés J. Plana-Durán J. Balasch M. Rodríguez-Arrioja G.M. Kennedy S. Allan G.M. McNeilly F. Latimer K.S. Domingo M. Pathological, immunohistochemical, and in-situ hybridization studies of natural cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs J Comp Pathol 1999 120 59 78 10.1053/jcpa.1998.025810098016Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

17Schuster F.L., Ramirez-Avila L.: Current world status of Balantidium coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008, 21, 626–638, doi: 10.1128/CMR.00021-08. Schuster F.L. Ramirez-Avila L. Current world status of Balantidium coli Clin Microbiol Rev 2008 21 626 638 10.1128/CMR.00021-08257014918854484Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

18Segalés J.: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections: clinical signs, pathology and laboratory diagnosis. Virus Res 2012, 164, 10–19, doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.007. Segalés J. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections: clinical signs, pathology and laboratory diagnosis Virus Res 2012 164 10 19 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.00722056845Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

19Segalés J.: Best practice and future challenges for vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015, 14, 473–487, doi: 10.1586/14760584.2015.983084. Segalés J. Best practice and future challenges for vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 Expert Rev Vaccines 2015 14 473 487 10.1586/14760584.2015.98308425400216Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20Segalés J., Allan G.M., Domingo M.: Porcine circovirus diseases. Anim Health Res Rev 2005, 6, 119–142, doi: 10.1079/ahr2005106. Segalés J. Allan G.M. Domingo M. Porcine circovirus diseases Anim Health Res Rev 2005 6 119 142 10.1079/ahr200510616583778Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

21Segalés J., Kekarainen T., Cortey M.: The natural history of porcine circovirus type 2: From an inoffensive virus to a devastating swine disease? Vet Microbiol 2013, 165, 13–20, doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.033. Segalés J. Kekarainen T. Cortey M. The natural history of porcine circovirus type 2: From an inoffensive virus to a devastating swine disease? Vet Microbiol 2013 165 13 20 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.03323380460Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

22Taylor M.A., Coop L.R., Wall R.L.: Chapter 11: The laboratory diagnosis of parasitism. In: Veterinary Parasitology, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford, 2007, pp. 798–799. Taylor M.A. Coop L.R. Wall R.L. Chapter 11: The laboratory diagnosis of parasitism In Veterinary Parasitology Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford 2007 pp 798 799Search in Google Scholar

23Thomson J.R., Friendship R.M.: Chapter 15: Digestive system. In: Diseases of Swine, edited by J.J. Zimmerman, L.A. Karriker, A. Ramirez, K.J. Schwartz, G.W. Stevenson, J. Zhang, Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, USA, 2019, pp. 234-263, doi: 10.1002/9781119350927.ch15. Thomson J.R. Friendship R.M. Chapter 15: Digestive system In Diseases of Swine edited by Zimmerman J.J. Karriker L.A. Ramirez A. Schwartz K.J. Stevenson G.W. Zhang J. Wiley-Blackwell Ames, Iowa, USA 2019 pp 234 263 10.1002/9781119350927.ch15Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

24Żarnowski E., Joszt L.: Coproscopy as a diagnostic method in Fasciola invasion (in Polish). Wiad Parazytol 1971, 17, 41–54. Żarnowski E. Joszt L. Coproscopy as a diagnostic method in Fasciola invasion (in Polish) Wiad Parazytol 1971 17 41 54Search in Google Scholar

25Żmudzki J., Szczotka A., Podgórska K., Nowak A., Grzesiak A., Dors A., Pejsak Z.: Application of real-time PCR for detection of Lawsonia intracellularis and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in fecal samples from pigs. Pol J Vet Sci 2012, 15, 267–273, doi: 10.2478/v10181-011-0144-2. Żmudzki J. Szczotka A. Podgórska K. Nowak A. Grzesiak A. Dors A. Pejsak Z. Application of real-time PCR for detection of Lawsonia intracellularis and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in fecal samples from pigs Pol J Vet Sci 2012 15 267 273 10.2478/v10181-011-0144-222844704Open DOISearch in Google Scholar