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Clinical chemistry investigations in recumbent and healthy German Holstein cows after the fifth day in milk

Jim Weber
Jim Weber
, 
Markus Zenker
Markus Zenker
, 
Gábor Köller
Gábor Köller
, 
Manfred Fürll
Manfred Fürll
 und 
Markus Freick
Markus Freick
   | 13. Sept. 2019
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Online veröffentlicht: 13. Sept. 2019
Seitenbereich: 383 - 390
Eingereicht: 14. Dez. 2018
Akzeptiert: 02. Juli 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2019-0038
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© 2019 J. Weber et al. published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1

Box-and-whisker plots illustrating serum concentrations in diagnosis groups (1 – adductor muscle injury, 2 – fractures, 3 – other mechanical traumatic lesions of locomotor system, 4 – coliform mastitis, 5 – miscellaneous (ruminal tympany, cachexia, spinal abscess, tarsitis), 6 – healthy control animals). A – phosphorus, B – potassium, C – iron, D – β-hydroxybutyrate, E – total bilirubin, F – non-esterified fatty acids, and G – creatine kinase. Parameters returning means differing significantly between the RCD and CDC groups were chosen for these plots (Table 4). Descriptive differences between the diagnosis groups could not be proven to be statistically significant (P > 0.003). Group 6 (healthy control cows) was not included in the ANOVA for independent samples due to the dependent data structure of ANOVA (matched pairs of a recumbent dairy cow and a control dairy cow). Red horizontal lines – upper and lower limits of the reference ranges according to Fürll (9) and Van Winden et al. (31); horizontal lines within the boxes – medians; crosses within the boxes – means
Box-and-whisker plots illustrating serum concentrations in diagnosis groups (1 – adductor muscle injury, 2 – fractures, 3 – other mechanical traumatic lesions of locomotor system, 4 – coliform mastitis, 5 – miscellaneous (ruminal tympany, cachexia, spinal abscess, tarsitis), 6 – healthy control animals). A – phosphorus, B – potassium, C – iron, D – β-hydroxybutyrate, E – total bilirubin, F – non-esterified fatty acids, and G – creatine kinase. Parameters returning means differing significantly between the RCD and CDC groups were chosen for these plots (Table 4). Descriptive differences between the diagnosis groups could not be proven to be statistically significant (P > 0.003). Group 6 (healthy control cows) was not included in the ANOVA for independent samples due to the dependent data structure of ANOVA (matched pairs of a recumbent dairy cow and a control dairy cow). Red horizontal lines – upper and lower limits of the reference ranges according to Fürll (9) and Van Winden et al. (31); horizontal lines within the boxes – medians; crosses within the boxes – means

Serum concentrations of examined parameters of the study groups

RDC group (n = 32) CDC group (n = 32)
Parameter Physiological rangea Mean ± SD Mean ± SD P¥
Mg (mmol/L) 0.90–1.32 0.94 ± 0.16 1.03 ± 0.09 0.008
Ca (mmol/L) 2.00–2.54 2.32 ± 0.51 2.57 ± 0.16 0.012
Pi (mmol/L) 1.55–2.29 1.50 ± 0.61 1.91 ± 0.24 < 0.001
Na (mmol/L) 135.00–157.00 147.31 ± 8.21 142.59 ± 5.71 0.008
K (mmol/L) 3.90–5.20 4.43 ± 0.75 5.10 ± 0.77 < 0.001
Fe (μmol/L) 13.00–33.00 11.31 ± 8.15 25.06 ± 4.48 < 0.001
BHB (mmol/L) < 0.62 0.47 ± 0.27 0.61 ± 0.24 0.003
Bilirubin (μmol/L) 3.30–5.30 4.24 ± 3.16 1.03 ± 0.55 < 0.001
NEFA (μmol/L) < 400.00 509.72 ± 330.15 136.88 ± 76.36 < 0.001
Urea (mmol/L) 2.00–6.80 5.06 ± 2.07 3.91 ± 0.96 0.025
Creatinine (μmol/L) 50.00–150.00 70.34 ± 19.67 71.05 ± 15.90 0.0625
AP (U/L) 40.00–300.00 54.19 ± 24.96 45.94 ± 13.98 0.062
CK (U/L) < 150.00 5011.28 ± 13386.53 666.44 ± 1645.44 < 0.001
AST (U/L) < 80.00 231.07 ± 207.75 92.32 ± 14.96 0.020
GGT (U/L) < 50.00 36.43 ± 20.45 31.14 ± 12.36 0.0625
TP (g/L) 68.00–82.00 84.36 ± 8.01 80.72 ± 6.04 0.029

Descriptive statistics of study groups

Item Study groups
RDC group (n = 32) CDC group (n = 32)
1 (n/%) 5 (15.6) 5 (15.6)
Number of lactations 2 (n/%) 7 (21.9) 7 (21.9)
3 (n/%) 8 (25.0) 8 (25.0)
> 3 (n/%) 12 (37.5) 12 (37.5)
mean ± SD 144 ± 110 146 ± 111
DIM min–max 7–383 6–384
Proportion of gravid cows (n/%) 14 (43.8) 14 (43.8)
Day of gestationa mean ± SD 95 ± 72 89 ± 69

Example cross table used for the calculation of odds ratios and McNemar’s test

Detection methods for the serum parameters

Parameter Methoda
Mg, Ca, Pi photometric determination
Na, K ion-sensitive electrode
Fe identification with ferrozine (without deproteinisation)
BHB UV method
Bilirubin according to Jendrassik and Grof (10)
NEFA, urea kinetic UV assay
Creatinine Jaffe reaction
AST optimised standard method of DGKC
AP, CK NAC-activated, optimised standard method of DGKC
γ-GT according to Szasz (29)
TP biuret method

Odds ratios for exceedance or lower deviation of serum parameter threshold values of the experimental group

RDC group
Parameter deviation Physiological threshold valuea OR 95% CI P¥
Mg ↓ < 0.90 mmol/L 3.667 1.023–13.143 0.092
Ca ↓ < 2.00 mmol/L 4.429 0.467–42.021 0.250
Pi ↓ < 1.55 mmol/L x
Na ↓ < 135.00 mmol/L 0.484 0.042–5.621 1.000
K ↓ < 3.90 mmol/L x
Fe ↓ < 13.00 μmol/L x
BHB ↑ > 0.62 mmol/L 0.407 0.121–1.369 0.227
Bilirubin ↑ > 5.30 μmol/L x
NEFA ↑ > 400.00 μmol/L x
Urea ↑ > 2.00 mmol/L x
Creatinine ↑ > 150.00 μmol/L xx
AP ↓ < 40.00 U/L 0.866 0.302–2.481 1.000
CK ↑ > 150.00 U/L 23.059 2.778–191.410 < 0.001
AST ↑ > 80.00 U/L 5.357 0.555–51.709 1.000
GGT ↑ > 50.00 U/L 1.554 0.241–10.010 1.000
TP ↑ > 82.00 g/L 2.341 0.843–6.353 0.210
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