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Systemic Activity and Phytotoxicity of Fluensulfone in Vegetable Transplants Infected by Meloidogyne incognita

Francisco Franco-Navarro

Francisco Franco-Navarro

Department of Nematology, University of California RiversideRiverside, U.S.A
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Franco-Navarro, Francisco
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Antoon T. Ploeg

Antoon T. Ploeg

Department of Nematology, University of California RiversideRiverside, U.S.A
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Ploeg, Antoon T.
  
31. Aug. 2025
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Artikel-Kategorie: Research Paper
Online veröffentlicht: 31. Aug. 2025
Eingereicht: 01. Apr. 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2025-0036
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© 2025 Francisco Franco-Navarro et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Average (n=15) phytotoxicity symptom ratings (scale 0-5: 0 = no symptoms, 5 = plant dead) of plants treated with fluensulfone as foliar spray at 3, 6, or 12 g/liter or applied as a soil drench at 5 pints/acre (0.022 g/liter) 2, 7, and 14 days after application. Water-sprayed plants served as untreated controls (UTC). Different letters above bars indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test.
Average (n=15) phytotoxicity symptom ratings (scale 0-5: 0 = no symptoms, 5 = plant dead) of plants treated with fluensulfone as foliar spray at 3, 6, or 12 g/liter or applied as a soil drench at 5 pints/acre (0.022 g/liter) 2, 7, and 14 days after application. Water-sprayed plants served as untreated controls (UTC). Different letters above bars indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test.

Figure 2:

Average (n=15) root galling index (scale 0–10: 0 = no galling, 10 = 100% of roots with galls) of plants treated with fluensulfone as foliar spray at 3, 6, 12 g/liter, or applied as a 100 ml soil drench at 0.022 g/liter. Plants were inoculated with 2,000 Meloidogyne incognita J2 per 1 liter pot 2 days after treatments and evaluated 6 weeks after treatments. Water-sprayed plants served as untreated controls (UTC). Different letters above bars within the same plant cultivar indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test. x = missing (dead) plants.
Average (n=15) root galling index (scale 0–10: 0 = no galling, 10 = 100% of roots with galls) of plants treated with fluensulfone as foliar spray at 3, 6, 12 g/liter, or applied as a 100 ml soil drench at 0.022 g/liter. Plants were inoculated with 2,000 Meloidogyne incognita J2 per 1 liter pot 2 days after treatments and evaluated 6 weeks after treatments. Water-sprayed plants served as untreated controls (UTC). Different letters above bars within the same plant cultivar indicate significant differences at P ≤ 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test. x = missing (dead) plants.

Figure 3:

Average (n=5) percent mortality, 5 days after treatments, of Meloidogyne incognita J2 in a water suspension surrounding the roots of tomato (A) or pepper (B) plants treated with a foliar spray application of fluensulfone (3, 6 and 12 g/liter). UTC = untreated control. Three replicated experiments were done. Error bars are ±SE. Different letters above bars indicate significant differences within the same experiment at P ≤ 0.05, LSD-test. Percentage mortality data were transformed by arcsin (√x) before statistical analysis. Non-transformed data are shown.
Average (n=5) percent mortality, 5 days after treatments, of Meloidogyne incognita J2 in a water suspension surrounding the roots of tomato (A) or pepper (B) plants treated with a foliar spray application of fluensulfone (3, 6 and 12 g/liter). UTC = untreated control. Three replicated experiments were done. Error bars are ±SE. Different letters above bars indicate significant differences within the same experiment at P ≤ 0.05, LSD-test. Percentage mortality data were transformed by arcsin (√x) before statistical analysis. Non-transformed data are shown.

Figure 4:

Average (n=15) percent mortality of M. incognita J2 in a water suspension surrounding the roots of tomato (A) or pepper (B) plants treated with a foliar spray application of 6 g/liter fluensulfone at different time intervals after application. UTC = untreated control. Error bars are ±SE, * indicate significant differences within the same time interval at P ≤ 0.05, LSD-test. Percentage mortality data were transformed by arcsin (√x) before statistical analysis. Non-transformed data are shown.
Average (n=15) percent mortality of M. incognita J2 in a water suspension surrounding the roots of tomato (A) or pepper (B) plants treated with a foliar spray application of 6 g/liter fluensulfone at different time intervals after application. UTC = untreated control. Error bars are ±SE, * indicate significant differences within the same time interval at P ≤ 0.05, LSD-test. Percentage mortality data were transformed by arcsin (√x) before statistical analysis. Non-transformed data are shown.

Supplement Figure 1:

Phytotoxic effects on vegetable crops treated with fluensulfone as drench application (DA) at 5 pints/acre (0.022 g/L ai), and as foliar spray at 3, 6, and 12g/liter. UTC = untreated control. Plants evaluated 7 days after treatments. A) Tomato cv. Daniela; B) Eggplant cv. Black Beauty; C) Cantaloupe cv. Durango; D) Bell pepper cv. Baron; E) Chili pepper cv. Thai Dragon; F) Bell pepper cv. Sweet Mini Pepper.
Phytotoxic effects on vegetable crops treated with fluensulfone as drench application (DA) at 5 pints/acre (0.022 g/L ai), and as foliar spray at 3, 6, and 12g/liter. UTC = untreated control. Plants evaluated 7 days after treatments. A) Tomato cv. Daniela; B) Eggplant cv. Black Beauty; C) Cantaloupe cv. Durango; D) Bell pepper cv. Baron; E) Chili pepper cv. Thai Dragon; F) Bell pepper cv. Sweet Mini Pepper.

Average (n=5) dry shoot weight (± SE) of three vegetable crops treated with a fluensulfone spray at three rates (3, 6, 12 g/liter) or applied as a drench_ Plants were evaluated 6 weeks after treatments in three replicated experiments_

Crop Treatment Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Average
Tomato cv. Daniela UTC 74.1±6.0 a1 58.5±10.1 a 24.1±0.9 a 52.2±6.7 a
3 g/liter 55.8±5.5 ab 19.7±4.1 b 19.5±1.6 b 32.5±5.1 b
6 g/liter 35.4±8.5 c 6.2±1.7 b 14.4±1.7 c 19.5±4.3 c
12 g/liter 14.2±5.6 d 3.7±0.2 b 4.3±1.6 d 8.1±2.3 d
Drench 50.8±5.8 bc 64.2±10.5 a 24.9±0.2 a 46.6±5.7 a
P-value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.00 1
Eggplant cv. Black Beauty UTC 31.6±4.9 a 38.8±7.8 a 17.5±1.3 a 29.3±3.7 a
3 g/L 3.7±2.0 c -2 9.6±0.7 b 6.7±1.1 b
6 g/L 13.1±4.5 bc - 3.0±0.8 c 8.0±2.2 b
12 g/L - - - -
Drench 22.8±2.7 ab 37.1±7.8 a 13.7±1.9 a 24.6±3.7 a
P-value <0.001 0.88 <0.001 <0.001
Melon cv. Durango UTC 22.2±4.9 a 24.4±0.6 a 15.8±1.7 a 20.5±1.9 a
3 g/L - - - -
6 g/L - - - -
12 g/L - - - -
Drench 18.4±3.6 a 32.1±4.0 a 18.8±0.7 a 22.5±2.3 a
P-value 0.55 0.14 0.15 0.47

Average (n=5) Meloidogyne incognita root infestation (J2/g root ± SE) of three vegetable crops treated with a fluensulfone spray at three rates (3, 6, 12 g/liter) or applied as a drench_ Plants were evaluated 6 weeks after treatments in three replicated experiments_

Crop Treatment Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Average
Tomato cv. Daniela UTC 153±33 a1 25±4 a 81±16 a 86±18 a
3 g/liter 38±18 b 2±1 b 11±1 b 18±7 b
6 g/liter 3±2 c 1±1 b 9±3 b 5±1 b
12 g/liter 1±0 c 2±1 b 0±0 d 1±0 d
Drench 4±1 c 0±0 b 3±1 c 2±1 c
P-value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Eggplant cv. Black Beauty UTC 650±87 a 24±5 a 249±85 a 308±79 a
3 g/L 8±4 b -2 0±0 b 4±2 b
6 g/L 5±3 bc - 0±0 b 2±1 b
12 g/L -2 - - -
Drench 0±0 c 2±1 b 1±0 b 1±0 b
P-value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Melon cv. Durango UTC 196±84 a 61±9 a 795±127 a 371±99 a
3 g/L - - - -
6 g/L - - - -
12 g/L - - - -
Drench 37±12 b 13±2 b 313±37 b 129±39 b
P-value 0.014 0.0014 0.0025 0.0163

Average (n=5) Meloidogyne incognita root infestation (J2/g root ± SE) of three pepper cultivars treated with a fluensulfone spray at three rates (3, 6, 12 g/liter) or applied as a drench_ Plants were evaluated 6 weeks after treatments in three replicated experiments_

Cultivar Treatment Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Average
Baron UTC 1,119±125 a1 160±39 a 404±52 a 561±117 a
3 g/liter 128±45 b 45±19 bc 31±14 b 68±19 b
6 g/liter 149±52 b 11±7 cd 25±5 b 62±23 b
12 g/liter 6±3 c 4±2 d 11±4 c 7±2 c
Drench 0±0 d 35±6 ab 3±1 c 12±5 c
P-value 0.035 0.014 0.039 <0.001
Thai Dragon UTC 0±0 a 0±0 28±17 a 10±6 a
3 g/liter 44±44 a 0±0 2±2 a 16±15 a
6 g/liter 12±12 a 0±0 0±0 a 4±4 a
12 g/liter 0±0 a 0±0 0±0 a 0±0 a
Drench 0±0 a 0±0 0±0 a 0±0 a
P-value 0.63 NA 0.33 0.36
Sweet Mini UTC 80±23 a -2 881±285 a 525±196 a
3 g/liter 8±3 b - 80±34 ab 44±29 b
6 g/liter 5±4 bc - 5±4 b 5±4 bc
12 g/liter -2 - 0±0 b 0±0 c
Drench 0±0 c - 2±2 b 1±1 c
P-value 0.047 NA 0.23 <0.001

Average (n=5) dry shoot weight (± SE) of three pepper cultivars treated with a fluensulfone spray at three rates (3, 6, 12 g/liter) or applied as a drench_ Plants were evaluated 6 weeks after treatments in three replicated experiments_

Cultivar Treatment Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Average
Baron UTC 10.6±2.2 a1 7.8±2.8 ab 7.4±0.7 ab 8.6±1.2 a
3 g/liter 8.4±3.4 a 2.3±0.8 c 8.0±1.3 ab 6.3±1.4 ab
6 g/liter 5.1±1.5 ab 3.8±1.4 bc 6.5±0.8 b 5.1±0.7 bc
12 g/liter 1.0±0.3 b 1.2±0.2 c 4.8±1.2 b 2.4±0.6 c
Drench 5.9±1.5 ab 10.1±2.0 a 10.2±1.5 a 8.7±1.0 a
P-value 0.035 0.011 0.039 <0.001
Thai Dragon UTC 8.3±1.4 a 16.0±1.6 a 4.1±0.7 a 9.5±1.5 a
3 g/liter 4.8±1.2 a 4.3±0.7 c 9.7±1.7 a 6.4±1.0 bc
6 g/liter 3.3±1.8 a 8.2±2.3 bc 3.7±1.3 a 4.9±1.1 c
12 g/liter 3.1±1.3 a 7.4±1.8 bc 6.1±1.6 a 5.3±0.9 c
Drench 7.9±2.4 a 10.1±1.0 b 8.2±2.1 a 8.7±1.1 ab
P-value 0.27 <0.001 0.08 0.02
Sweet Mini UTC 3.5±0.9 a -2 4.0±0.9 a 3.8±0.6 a
3 g/liter 1.1±0.3 b - 4.4±1.1 a 2.7±0.8 a
6 g/liter 0.4±0.1 b - 8.1±0.5 a 4.2±1.3 a
12 g/liter - - 3.7±1.5 a 3.7±1.1 a
Drench 2.2±0.9 ab - 5.6±1.8 a 3.9±1.1 a
P-value 0.047 0.23 0.88
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