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Ultrastructural study of anther parasitism of Ficus laevigata by Ficophagus laevigatus (Aphelenchoididae)

Robin M. Giblin-Davis

Robin M. Giblin-Davis

Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida/IFASDavie, United States of America
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Giblin-Davis, Robin M.
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Natsumi Kanzaki

Natsumi Kanzaki

  • Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida/IFASDavie, United States of America
  • Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteKyoto, Japan
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Kanzaki, Natsumi
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Donna S. Williams

Donna S. Williams

Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida-IFASGainesville, United States of America
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Williams, Donna S.
  
18. Mai 2023
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Artikel-Kategorie: Research paper
Online veröffentlicht: 18. Mai 2023
Eingereicht: 09. Jan. 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2023-0010
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© 2023 Robin M. Giblin-Davis et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

Light micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficus laevigata anthers from paraffin-embedded phase C figs from Giblin-Davis et al. (1995). A: Healthy anther; B: Ficophagus laevigatus-infested anther. Nematodes are indicated with yellow arrowheads.
Light micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficus laevigata anthers from paraffin-embedded phase C figs from Giblin-Davis et al. (1995). A: Healthy anther; B: Ficophagus laevigatus-infested anther. Nematodes are indicated with yellow arrowheads.

Figure 2:

Transmission electron micrograph of near sagittal series of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested F. laevigata anther below the vertical midline showing the ventral anther filament epidermis through the dorsal anther epidermis into a pollen sac with aberrant pollen.
Transmission electron micrograph of near sagittal series of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested F. laevigata anther below the vertical midline showing the ventral anther filament epidermis through the dorsal anther epidermis into a pollen sac with aberrant pollen.

Figure 3:

Transmission electron micrograph of near sagittal section of the ventral side of a healthy Ficus laevigata anther from a phase C fig, showing endothecium and pollen sac with pollen.
Transmission electron micrograph of near sagittal section of the ventral side of a healthy Ficus laevigata anther from a phase C fig, showing endothecium and pollen sac with pollen.

Figure 4:

Transmission electron micrograph of near sagittal section of the ventral side of a Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther from a phase C fig showing endothecium and pollen sac with pollen.
Transmission electron micrograph of near sagittal section of the ventral side of a Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther from a phase C fig showing endothecium and pollen sac with pollen.

Figure 5:

Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficus laevigata anthers. A: Healthy anther; B: Ficophagus laevigatus-infested anther showing the effects of nematodes on anther epidermal and parenchymal cells in the region where the anther epidermal cells connect to the ventral anther filament epidermal cells.
Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficus laevigata anthers. A: Healthy anther; B: Ficophagus laevigatus-infested anther showing the effects of nematodes on anther epidermal and parenchymal cells in the region where the anther epidermal cells connect to the ventral anther filament epidermal cells.

Figure 6:

Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther amplifying the area shown in Fig. 5B. A: Close-up of hypertrophied anther epidermal cells; B: Magnification of the area in the black box to show the irregular indentations of the nuclear envelop (NE), nucleolus (Nuc) and putative pro-plastids (Pp).
Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther amplifying the area shown in Fig. 5B. A: Close-up of hypertrophied anther epidermal cells; B: Magnification of the area in the black box to show the irregular indentations of the nuclear envelop (NE), nucleolus (Nuc) and putative pro-plastids (Pp).

Figure 7:

Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther amplifying the area shown in Fig. 5B. A: Close-up of hypertrophied anther epidermal cells; B: Magnification of the area in the black box to show the thickened cell walls (CW), increased abundance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria (Mt), enlarged nucleus with irregular indentations of the nuclear envelop (NE), nucleolus (Nuc), and presence of putative pro-plastids (Pp).
Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther amplifying the area shown in Fig. 5B. A: Close-up of hypertrophied anther epidermal cells; B: Magnification of the area in the black box to show the thickened cell walls (CW), increased abundance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria (Mt), enlarged nucleus with irregular indentations of the nuclear envelop (NE), nucleolus (Nuc), and presence of putative pro-plastids (Pp).

Figure 8:

Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficus laevigata anthers. A: Healthy anther; B: Ficophagus laevigatus-infested anther showing the effects of nematodes on anther filament epidermal and parenchymal cells in the region where the anther epidermal cells connect to the ventral anther filament epidermal cells.
Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficus laevigata anthers. A: Healthy anther; B: Ficophagus laevigatus-infested anther showing the effects of nematodes on anther filament epidermal and parenchymal cells in the region where the anther epidermal cells connect to the ventral anther filament epidermal cells.

Figure 9:

Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther showing the effects of nematodes on ventral anther filament epidermal and parenchymal cells in two different areas. Red circles denote regions where dissipation of electron dense vacuolar material was occurring.
Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther showing the effects of nematodes on ventral anther filament epidermal and parenchymal cells in two different areas. Red circles denote regions where dissipation of electron dense vacuolar material was occurring.

Figure 10:

Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther. A: The effects of nematodes on ventral anther filament epidermal cells; B: Close-up of hypertrophied ventral anther filament epidermal cell in the black box in subfigure A to show the thickened cell walls (CW), increased abundance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria (Mt), enlarged nucleus with irregular indentations of the nuclear envelop (NE), nucleolus (Nuc), and presence of putative pro-plastids (Pp). Red circle in subfigure A denotes region where dissipation of electron dense vacuolar material was occurring.
Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther. A: The effects of nematodes on ventral anther filament epidermal cells; B: Close-up of hypertrophied ventral anther filament epidermal cell in the black box in subfigure A to show the thickened cell walls (CW), increased abundance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria (Mt), enlarged nucleus with irregular indentations of the nuclear envelop (NE), nucleolus (Nuc), and presence of putative pro-plastids (Pp). Red circle in subfigure A denotes region where dissipation of electron dense vacuolar material was occurring.

Figure 11:

Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther, showing the effects of nematodes on anther and anther filament epidermal cells in a region where the anther epidermal cells connect to the ventral anther filament epidermal cells and where a few strands of fungal mycelia were observed. A: Whole section; B: Close-up of fungal mycelia from white box in subfigure A.
Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther, showing the effects of nematodes on anther and anther filament epidermal cells in a region where the anther epidermal cells connect to the ventral anther filament epidermal cells and where a few strands of fungal mycelia were observed. A: Whole section; B: Close-up of fungal mycelia from white box in subfigure A.

Figure 12:

Transmission electron micrographs A, B: Two near serial and transverse-sections of the head of Ficophagus laevigatus within a Ficus laevigata anther showing the stylet shaft (Ss) tip within the vestibule (or vestibule extension) (Ve) which was ringed by an electron lucent material (or space) and the six equally spaced inner labial sensilla nerve (ilsn) pairs through the base of the cephalic framework (Cf).
Transmission electron micrographs A, B: Two near serial and transverse-sections of the head of Ficophagus laevigatus within a Ficus laevigata anther showing the stylet shaft (Ss) tip within the vestibule (or vestibule extension) (Ve) which was ringed by an electron lucent material (or space) and the six equally spaced inner labial sensilla nerve (ilsn) pairs through the base of the cephalic framework (Cf).

Figure 13:

Transmission electron micrographs of the anterior regions of Ficophagus laevigatus within a Ficus laevigata anther. A: A near transverse-section of body wall muscle (Bwm), procorpus (Pc), procorpus lumen, and secretory excretory cells (SEc); B: One near sagittal-mid-section of the anterior region showing the dorsal gland orifice (Dgo), metacorpus (Mc), metacorpal valve (Mcv), procorpus (Pc), and subventral gland orifice (Svgo).
Transmission electron micrographs of the anterior regions of Ficophagus laevigatus within a Ficus laevigata anther. A: A near transverse-section of body wall muscle (Bwm), procorpus (Pc), procorpus lumen, and secretory excretory cells (SEc); B: One near sagittal-mid-section of the anterior region showing the dorsal gland orifice (Dgo), metacorpus (Mc), metacorpal valve (Mcv), procorpus (Pc), and subventral gland orifice (Svgo).

Figure 14:

Transmission electron micrographs of the mid-region of Ficophagus laevigatus within a Ficus laevigata anther. A: A near transverse-section of body wall muscle (Bwm), hypodermis (H), intestine (Int), and secretory globules (Sg); B: Close-up of the intestinal lumen from subfigure A showing microvilli and intestinal contents.
Transmission electron micrographs of the mid-region of Ficophagus laevigatus within a Ficus laevigata anther. A: A near transverse-section of body wall muscle (Bwm), hypodermis (H), intestine (Int), and secretory globules (Sg); B: Close-up of the intestinal lumen from subfigure A showing microvilli and intestinal contents.

Figure S1:

Light micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficus laevigata anthers from paraffin-embedded phase C figs from Giblin-Davis et al. (1995). A: Healthy anther; B: Ficophagus laevigatus-infested anther. Nematodes are indicated with yellow arrowheads and colored rectangles highlight the relative location of the numbered Figures.
Light micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficus laevigata anthers from paraffin-embedded phase C figs from Giblin-Davis et al. (1995). A: Healthy anther; B: Ficophagus laevigatus-infested anther. Nematodes are indicated with yellow arrowheads and colored rectangles highlight the relative location of the numbered Figures.

Figure S2:

Light micrographs of near sagittal section of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther from paraffin-embedded phase C fig from Giblin-Davis et al. (1995). A: Hypertrophied anther and anther filament epidermis, endothecium, pollen sac, and pollen; B: Close-up of nematodes and hypertrophied anther and anther filament epidermal cells in the black box in subfigure A. Nematodes are indicated with yellow arrowheads and the colored rectangle highlights the relative location of the numbered Figure.
Light micrographs of near sagittal section of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther from paraffin-embedded phase C fig from Giblin-Davis et al. (1995). A: Hypertrophied anther and anther filament epidermis, endothecium, pollen sac, and pollen; B: Close-up of nematodes and hypertrophied anther and anther filament epidermal cells in the black box in subfigure A. Nematodes are indicated with yellow arrowheads and the colored rectangle highlights the relative location of the numbered Figure.

Figure S3:

Transmission electron micrograph of near sagittal series of healthy F. laevigata anther from perianth lobe through the anther filament to the anther epidermis.
Transmission electron micrograph of near sagittal series of healthy F. laevigata anther from perianth lobe through the anther filament to the anther epidermis.

Figure S4:

Transmission electron micrograph of near sagittal series of healthy F. laevigata anther below the vertical midline showing the anther epidermal cells connecting to the ventral anther filament epidermal cells.
Transmission electron micrograph of near sagittal series of healthy F. laevigata anther below the vertical midline showing the anther epidermal cells connecting to the ventral anther filament epidermal cells.

Figure S5:

Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther amplifying the area shown in Fig. 5B. A: Close-up of hypertrophied anther epidermal cells; B: Magnification of the area in the black box to show the thickened cell walls (CW), increased abundance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria (Mt), enlarged nucleus with irregular indentations of the nuclear envelop (NE), nucleolus (Nuc), and presence of putative pro-plastids (Pp).
Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal sections of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther amplifying the area shown in Fig. 5B. A: Close-up of hypertrophied anther epidermal cells; B: Magnification of the area in the black box to show the thickened cell walls (CW), increased abundance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria (Mt), enlarged nucleus with irregular indentations of the nuclear envelop (NE), nucleolus (Nuc), and presence of putative pro-plastids (Pp).

Figure S6:

Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal section of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther showing the effects of nematodes on anther epidermal and parenchymal cells in the region below where the anther epidermal cells connect to the ventral anther filament epidermal cells. A: Whole section; B: Close-up of hypertrophied anther epidermal cells in the black box in subfigure A.
Transmission electron micrographs of near sagittal section of Ficophagus laevigatus-infested Ficus laevigata anther showing the effects of nematodes on anther epidermal and parenchymal cells in the region below where the anther epidermal cells connect to the ventral anther filament epidermal cells. A: Whole section; B: Close-up of hypertrophied anther epidermal cells in the black box in subfigure A.
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