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Characteristics of Rheoencephalography and some associated factors on menopausal women

Tin Hoang Nguyen
Tin Hoang Nguyen
, 
Kien Trung Nguyen
Kien Trung Nguyen
, 
Long Duc Tran
Long Duc Tran
, 
An Thi Thuy Le
An Thi Thuy Le
, 
Thu Minh Phung
Thu Minh Phung
, 
Truc Thi Ngoc Banh
Truc Thi Ngoc Banh
, 
Trang Thi Vo
Trang Thi Vo
 und 
Michael Bodo
Michael Bodo
   | 18. Dez. 2022
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Online veröffentlicht: 18. Dez. 2022
Seitenbereich: 78 - 87
Eingereicht: 03. Aug. 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2022-0012
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© 2022 Tin Hoang Nguyen, Kien Trung Nguyen, Long Duc Tran, An Thi Thuy Le, Thu Minh Phung, Truc Thi Ngoc Banh, Trang Thi Vo, Michael Bodo, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig.1

Typical REG curve of a healthy (normal) and a sclerotic person. Note the difference in the peak time of REG curves for normal patients (92 milliseconds) and sclerotic patients (256 milliseconds). This difference has pathological meaning, independent of heart rate [18].
Typical REG curve of a healthy (normal) and a sclerotic person. Note the difference in the peak time of REG curves for normal patients (92 milliseconds) and sclerotic patients (256 milliseconds). This difference has pathological meaning, independent of heart rate [18].

Fig.2

Diagrammatic presentation of compiled data on time (in seconds) between the onset of a phase and highest (first) peak, averaged from 100 phases of each patient (Pt) of 178 normal (Norm) subjects and 246 patients with proven cerebral arteriosclerosis (Ascl). All of which had been submitted to carotid arteriography. Unit of the Y-axis is the incidence or case number (frequency) [38].
Diagrammatic presentation of compiled data on time (in seconds) between the onset of a phase and highest (first) peak, averaged from 100 phases of each patient (Pt) of 178 normal (Norm) subjects and 246 patients with proven cerebral arteriosclerosis (Ascl). All of which had been submitted to carotid arteriography. Unit of the Y-axis is the incidence or case number (frequency) [38].

Fig.3

(a) REG monitoring device, (b) system of electrodes, (c) electrode attachment sites.
(a) REG monitoring device, (b) system of electrodes, (c) electrode attachment sites.

Characteristics of REG in each hemisphere of the brain in the group of menopausal and menstruating women

Characteristics Right hemisphere Left hemisphere
Menopause (n=80) Menstruation (n=46) p Menopause (n=80) Menstruation (n=46) p
Waveshape Peak wave Sharp 21 (26.2%) 23 (50.0%) 0.001* 23 (28.8%) 24 (52.2%) 0.004*
Obtuse 39 (48.8%) 22 (47.8%) 42 (52.5%) 21 (45.7%)
Domed 20 (25.0%) 1 (2.2%) 15 (18.7%) 1 (2.1%)
Subwave Clear 11 (13.8%) 20 (43.5%) <0.001* 13 (16.2%) 21 (45.6%) <0.001*
Blurred 45 (56.2%) 25 (54.3%) 47 (58.8%) 24 (52.2%)
Absent 24 (30.0%) 1 (2.2%) 20 (25.0%) 1 (2.2%)
REG Parameters Peak time (ms) 212.19±29.48 192.11±37.10 0.001** 211.64±30.33 186.43±41.26 <0.001**
Peak width (ms) 74.89±10.18 89.89±20.33 <0.001** 75.31±9.75 88.54±15.11 <0.001**
Conduction time (ms) 112.48±14.89 124.65±18.60 <0.001** 111.43±15.16 123.89±19.09 <0.001**
Elasticity Index alpha/T (%) 28.36±2.28 25.70±3.00 <0.001** 28.26±2.28 25.51±3.94 <0.001**
Slope ratio (‰/second) 8.61±2.46 ±3.38 11.77<0.001** 9.33±2.70 12.53±3.22 <0.001**
ABF (%/minute) 19.47±5.08 23.17±7.32 0.001** 20.85±5.02 24.89±8.22 0.002**
Impedance ratio (‰) 0.91±0.24 0.96±0.24 0.309** 0.98±0.25 1.01±0.23 0.449**
Disorders Increased vascular resistance (%) 67.5 30.4 <0.001* 65.0 28.3 <0.001*
Decreased intensity of blood flow (%) 16.2 8.7 >0.05* 13.8 4.3 >0.05*

Characteristics of menopausal women

Characteristics Number (n = 80) Percentage (%)
Age (years)Mean ± SD: 59.60 ± 8.79 (Min: 43 - Max: 85)
<50 9 11.25
50 – 60 34 42.5
>60 37 46.25
Age of menopause (years)Mean ± SD: 49.55 ± 3.66 (Min: 41 - Max: 57)
<45 6 7.5
45-50 44 55
>50 30 37.5
Time of menopause (years)Mean ± SD: 10.1 ± 8.1 (Min: 1 - Max: 34)
<5 30 37.5
5 – 10 18 22.5
10 – 20 21 26.25
>20 11 13.75
BMI (kg/m2)Mean ± SD: 24.44 ± 3.15 (Min: 18 - Max: 33)
<18.5 (skinny) 1 0.8
18.5 – 22.9 (normal) 21 16.7
23 – 24.9 (overweight) 20 15.9
≥25 (obese) 38 30.2
Central obese 70 87.5

Some factors related to abnormalities in REG

Characteristics Right hemisphere Left hemisphere
Increased vascular resistance p Decreased intensity of blood flow p Increased vascular resistance p Decreased intensity of blood flow p
Age (years) <50 77.8 0.058 33.3 0.122 77.8 0.004 44.4 0.016
50-60 79.4 20.6 82.4 11.8
>60 54.1 8.1 45.9 8.1
Time of menopause (years) <5 83.3 0.131 20.0 0.463 83.3 0.020 16.7 0.463
5-10 61.1 16.7 66.7 11.1
10-20 57.1 19.0 52.4 19.0
>20 54.5 0.0 36.4 0.0
Protein eating habit Vegan 75.0 0.206 0.0 0.057 50.0 0.046 0.0 0.084
Red meat 81.8 31.8 86.4 27.3
White meat 61.1 11.1 57.4 9.3
History of hypertension (JNC 7) Grade II 73.3 0.802 16.7 0.997 70.0 0.521 10.0 0.578
Grade I 64.3 14.3 57.1 7.1
Pre-hypertension 66.7 16.7 70.8 20.8
Normal 58.3 16.7 50.0 16.7
History of diabetes Type 2 diabetes 64.3 0.777 7.1 0.309 50 0.195 7.1 0.429
Normal 68.2 18.2 68.2 15.2
History of dyslipidemia Dyslipidemia 73.3 0.388 16.7 0.938 66.7 0.809 13.3 0.933
Normal 64.0 16.0 64.0 14.0
BMI Obese 65.8 0.335 13.2 0.144 65.8 0.378 10.5 0.238
Overweight 80.0 30.0 75.0 25.0
Skinny or normal 59.1 9.1 54.5 9.1
Central obesity Likely to have 71.4 0.047* 17.1 0.567 70.0 0.013** 85.7 0.713
Not to have 40.0 10.0 30.0 90.0
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