Extensification of Agricultural Land-Use Generates Severe Effects on the Critically Endangered Inter-Andean Dry Forest in the Ecuadorian Andean Landscape

Aguirre, Z., Kvist, L.P., Sánchez, O., (2006). Bosques secos en Ecuador y su diversidad. In M. Moraes, B. Ollgaard, L.P. Kvist, F. Borchsenius, Balslev, H. (Eds.). Botánica Económica de los Andes Centrales La Paz Bolivia: Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (pp. 162-187). Search in Google Scholar

Aguirre, Z., Román, J.L., Montalvo, D., Cevallos, G., Albuja, L., Arguero, A., ... Carvajal, V., (2011). Biodiversidad de los valles secos interandinos del Ecuador. Ecuaoffset, Escuela Politécnica Nacional,Quito-Ecuador. Search in Google Scholar

Arcila, A.M., Valderrama-Ardila, C., Chacón de Ulloa, P., (2012). Estado de fragmentación del bosque seco de la cuenca alta del río Cauca, Colombia. Biota Colombiana. 13, (2) 86-100. Search in Google Scholar

Arévalo-Morocho, C., Jácome-Aguirre, G., Ortega-Andrade, S., Rosales-Enríquez, O., Rodríguez-Echeverry, J., (2023). Evaluación del cambio del paisaje boscoso y su impacto en la distribución de Dipsas elegans en el norte de Ecuador. Investigaciones Geográficas. 79, 231-250. https://doi.org/10.14198/INGEO.23541 Search in Google Scholar

Bastin, L., Buchanan, G., Beresford, A., Pekel, J.F., Dubois, G., (2013). Open-source mapping and services for Web-based land-cover validation. Ecological Informatics. 14, 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2012.11.013 Search in Google Scholar

Bennett, A.F., (2003). Linkages in the landscape: the role of corridors and connectivity in wildlife conservation. IUCN Gland: Switzerland and Cambridge. UK. Search in Google Scholar

Bitters, M.E., Hicks, A., Holtz, S., Acruri, P., Wilson, R., Resasco, J., Dvaies, F., (2022). The dynamic matrix predicts population response to long term experimental forest fragmentation. Landscape Ecology. 37, 1483–1495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-022-01432-w Search in Google Scholar

Brus, J., Pechanec, V., Machar, I., (2017). Depiction of uncertainty in the visually interpreted land cover data. Ecological Informatics. 47, 10-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2017.10.015 Search in Google Scholar

Chander, G., Markham, B.L., Helder, D.L., (2009). Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, and EO-1 ALI sensors. Remote Sensing of Environment. 113, 893-903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.01.007. Search in Google Scholar

Chimarro-Cumbal, J., Cué-García, J.L., Arcos-Unigarro, C.R., Paredes-Rodríguez, H.O., (2023). Diversidad florística y estructura del bosque seco en el norte del Ecuador. Revista Cubana de Ciencias Forestales. 11(2), e651. Search in Google Scholar

Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., Almendáriz, A., Yánez-Muñoz, M., (2017). Dipsas elegans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved September 28, 2023, from http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T50951285A50951294.en. Search in Google Scholar

De la Sancha, N., Boyle, S.A., McIntyre, N.E., Brooks, D.M., Yanosky, A., Cuellar-Soto, E., … Stevens, R.D., (2021). The disappearing Dry Chaco, one of the last dry forest systems on earth. Landscape Ecology. 36, 2997–3012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01291-x Search in Google Scholar

Detto, M., Wright, S.J., Calderón, O., Muller-Landau, H.C., (2018). Resource acquisition and reproductive strategies of tropical forest in response to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Nature Communications. 9, 913. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03306-9 Search in Google Scholar

Dexter, K.G., Smart, B., Baldauf, C., Baker, T.R., Bessike Balinga MP., Brienen, S., … Pennington, R.T., (2015). Floristics and biogeography of vegetation in season-ally dry tropical regions. International Forestry Review. 17, 10-32. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554815815834859 Search in Google Scholar

Eastman, J.R., (2012). IDRISI Selva Tutorial. IDRISI Production, Clark Labs-Clark University, Worcester, 45. Search in Google Scholar

Echeverría, C., Newton, A., Nahuelhual, L., Coomes, D., Rey-Benayas, J.M., (2012). How landscapes change: integration of spatial patterns and human processes in temperate landscapes of southern Chile. Applied Geography. 32, 822-831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.08.014. Search in Google Scholar

FAO., (2022). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2022: Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/en/ Search in Google Scholar

Ferrer-Paris, J.R., Zager, I., Keith, D.A., Oliveira-Miranda, M.A., Rodríguez, J.P., Josse, C., ... Barrow, E., (2018). An ecosystem risk assessment of temperate and tropical forests of the Americas with an outlook on future conservation strategies. Conservation Letters. E12623, 1-10. https://DOI:10.1111/conl.12623. Search in Google Scholar

Fischer, J., Lindenmayer, D.B., (2002). The conservation value of small habitat patches: two case studies on birds from southeastern Australia. Biological Conservation. 106, 129-136. Search in Google Scholar

Foli. S., Reed, J., Clendenning. J., Petrokofsky, G., Padoch, C., Sunderland, T., (2015). To what extent does the presence of forests and trees contribute to food production in humid and dry forest landscapes?: a systematic review protocol. Environmental Evidence. http://www.environmentalevidencejournal.org/content/3/1/15 Search in Google Scholar

Fontúrbel, F.E., Jiménez, J.E. (2014). Does bird species diversity vary among forest types? A local-scale test in Southern Chile. Science of Nature. 101, 855–859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-014-1222-y Search in Google Scholar

García-Martínez, M., Torralba, M., Quintas-Soriano, C., Kahl, J., Plieninger, T., (2021). Linking food systems and landscape sustainability in the Mediterranean region. Landscape Ecology. 36, 2259-2275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01168-5 Search in Google Scholar

García-Navas, V., Martínez-Núñez, C., Tarifa, R., Manzaneda, A.J., Valera, F., Salido, T., … Rey, P.J. (2022). Agricultural extensification enhances functional diversity but not phylogenetic diversity in Mediterranean olive groves: A case study with ant and bird communities. Agriculture, Ecosystem & Environment. 324, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107708 Search in Google Scholar

Gasparri, I., Grau, R., (2009). Deforestation and fragmentation of Chaco dry forest in NW Argentina (1972–2007). Forest Ecology and Management. 258, 913-921. http://dx.doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.024 Search in Google Scholar

Gómez, R., Monje, C., Aparicio, S., Forero, C., Giraldo, P., (2018). Portafolio Pacífico: Acciones e Inversiones para la Reducción de la Deforestación y Degradación de los bosques en la región del Pacífico. Programa ONU-REDD Colombia y WWF. Bogotá. Search in Google Scholar

Herrera, J.M., (2011). El papel de la matriz en el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad en hábitats fragmentados. De la teoría ecológica al desarrollo de estrategias de conservación. Ecosistemas. 20, (2) 21-34. Search in Google Scholar

Holmgren, M., Scheffer, M., (2001). El Niño as a window of opportunity for the restoration of degraded arid ecosystems. Ecosystems. 4, (2)151–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000065 Search in Google Scholar

Huete, A.R., (1988). A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). Remote Sensing of Environment. 25, 295-309. Search in Google Scholar

Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología., (2005). Estudio Hidrológico del Río Mira. Estudios e Investigaciones Hidrológicas. Quito-Ecuador: INAMHI. Search in Google Scholar

Lindenmayer, D., Franklin, J., (2002). Conserving forest biodiversity: a comprehensive multiscaled approach. Island Press, Washington. Search in Google Scholar

McGarigal, K., Cushman, S., Neel, M., Ene, E., (2013). FRAGSTATS. Spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. (Landscape Ecology Program). Retrieved June 30, 2023, from http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html. Search in Google Scholar

McIntyre, S., Hobbs, R., (1999). A framework for conceptualizing human effects on landscapes and its relevance to management and research models. Conservation Biological. 13, 1282-1292. Search in Google Scholar

Meyfroidt, P., Lambin, E.F., Erb, K.H., Hertel, T.W., (2013). Globalization of land use: distant drivers of land change and geographic displacement of land use. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 5, (5) 438–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.04.003 Search in Google Scholar

Miles, L., Newton, A.C., DeFries, R.S., Ravilious, C., May, I., Blyth, S., Kapos, V., Gordon, J.E., (2006). A global overview of the conservation status of tropical dry forests. Journal of Biogeography. 33, 491-505. https://doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01424.x Search in Google Scholar

Mina, M., Messier, C., Duveneck, M., Fortin, M.J., Aquilué, N., (2021). Network analysis can guide resilience-based management in forest landscapes under global change. Ecologial Applications. 31, e222. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2221 Search in Google Scholar

Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador., (2012). Especies forestales de los bosques secos del Ecuador. Bosques Secos en Ecuador y su diversidad, Ministerio del Ambiente, Quito-Ecuador. Search in Google Scholar

Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador., (2013). Sistema de Clasificación de los Ecosistemas del Ecuador Continental. Subsecretaría de Patrimonio Natural, Ministerio del Ambiente, Quito-Ecuador. Search in Google Scholar

Mittermeier, R.A., Turner, W.R., Larsen, F.W., Brooks, T.M., Gascon, C., (2011). Global biodiversity conservation: the critical role of hotspots. In F.E. Zachos, Habel, J.C. (Eds.), Biodiversity hotspots: distribution and protection of conservation priority areas (pp. 3–23). Berlin: Springer. Search in Google Scholar

NatureServe & EcoDecision., (2015). Hotspot de Biodiversidad de los Andes Tropicales. Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Estados Unidos and Venezuela: Partnership Fund Critical Ecosystem. Search in Google Scholar

Neill, D., Pitman, N., (2004). Coursetia gracilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004:e.T45219A10986471. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/45219/10986471 Search in Google Scholar

Newton, A.C., (2007). Biodiversity loss and conservation in fragmented forest landscapes: the forests of montane Mexico and temperate South America. Wallingford, Oxford: CABI. Search in Google Scholar

Nguyen, T.A., Ehbrecht, M., Camarretta, N., (2023). Application of point cloud data to assess edge efects on rainforest structural characteristics in tropical Sumatra, Indonesia. Landscape Ecology. 38, 1191–1208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-023-01609-x Search in Google Scholar

Oleas, N., Pitman, N., (2003). Phaedranassa brevifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003:e.T42809A10754305. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42809/107543 Search in Google Scholar

Peters, T., Drobnik, T., Meyer, H., Rankl, M., Ritcher, M., Rollenbeck, R., … Bendix, J., (2013). Environmental Changes Affecting the Andes of Ecuador. In: Beck, Bendix, J., Beck, E., Bräuning, A., Makeschin, F., Mosandl, R., Scheu, S., Wilcke, W., (eds) Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity and Environmental Change in a Tropical Mountain Ecosystem of South Ecuador. Springer, Quito, pp 19–29. Search in Google Scholar

Pulla, S., Ramaswami, G., Mondal, N., Chitratarak, R., Suresh, H.S., Dattaraja, H.S., … Sukumar, R., (2015). Assessing the resilience of global seasonally dry tropical forests. International Forestry Review, 17, (S2) 90–112. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554815815834796 Search in Google Scholar

Quintana, C., Girardello, M., Barfod, A.S., Balslev, S., (2017). Diversity patterns, environmental drivers and changes in vegetation composition in dry inter-Andean valleys. Journal of Plant Ecology. 10, 461-475. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtw036 Search in Google Scholar

Reddy, S., Vazeed, S., Jha, C.S., Diwakar, P.G., Dadhwal, V.K., (2016). Development of national database on long-term deforestation (1930–2014) in Bangladesh. Global and Planetary Change. 139, 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.02.003 Search in Google Scholar

Reese, H., Olsson, H., (2011). C-correction of optical satellite data over alpine vegetation areas: a comparison of sampling strategies for determining the empirical c-parameter. Remote Sensing of Environment. 115, 1387-1400. Doi:org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.01.019. Search in Google Scholar

Rivas, C.A., Guerrero-Casado, J., Navarro-Cerillo, R.M., (2021). Deforestation and fragmentation trends of seasonal dry tropical forest in Ecuador: impact on conservation. Forest Ecosystems. 8, 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-021-00329-5 Search in Google Scholar

Rivas, C., Guerrero-Casado, J., Navarro-Cerrillo, R.M., (2022). A New Combined Index to Assess the Fragmentation Status of a Forest Patch Based on Its Size, Shape Complexity, and Isolation. Diversity. 14, 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14110896 Search in Google Scholar

Rodríguez-Echeverry, J., Leiton, M., (2021). Pérdida y fragmentación de ecosistemas boscosos nativos y su influencia en la diversidad de hábitats en el hotspot Andes tropicales. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. 92, e923449. https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2021.92.3449 Search in Google Scholar

Rowland, D., Blackie, R.R., Powell, B., Djoudi, H., Vergles, E., (2015). Direct Contributions of Dry Forests to Nutrition: A Review. International Forestry Review. 17, (S2) 44–52. DOI:10.1505/146554815815834804 Search in Google Scholar

Sabogal, C., de Jong, W., Pokorny, B., Louman, B., (2008). Manejo forestal comunitario en América Latina. Experiencias, lecciones aprendidas y retos para el futuro. Centro para la Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia. Search in Google Scholar

Santiana, J., Cerón, C., Pitman, N., (2004a). Croton elegans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004:e.T45185A10981149. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/45185/10981149. Search in Google Scholar

Santiana, J., Cerón, C., Pitman, N., (2004b). Euphorbia jamesonii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T45180A10980685 Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/45180/10980685#geographic-range. Search in Google Scholar

Secretaría Nacional de Planificación y Desarrollo., (2019). Información estadística. Retrieved November 10, 2022, from https://sni.gob.ec/informacion-pnd. Search in Google Scholar

Sistema Nacional de Información., (2019). Mapa de cobertura y uso de la tierra. Retrieved May 21, 2023, from http://sni.gob.ec. Search in Google Scholar

Sunderland, T., Apgaua, D., Baldauf, C., Blackie, R., Colfer, C., Cunningham, A.B., … Wilmé, L., (2015). Global dry forests: a prologue. International Forestry Review. 17, (S2)1-9. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554815815834813 Search in Google Scholar

Tapia-Armijos, M.F., Homeier, J., Espinosa, C. I., Leuschner, C., de la Cruz, M., (2015). Deforestation and forest fragmentation in South Ecuador since the 1970s losing a hotspot of biodiversity. PloS One. 10(9), e0133701. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133701. Search in Google Scholar

Tarko, A., Tsendbazar, N.E., Bruin, S., Bregt, A.K., (2021). Producing consistent visually interpreted land cover reference data: learning from feedback. International Journal of Digital Earth. 14, (1) 52-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2020.1729878 Search in Google Scholar

Thompson, P.L., Rayfield, B., Gonzalez, A., (2017). Loss of habitat and connectivity erodes species diversity, ecosystem functioning, and stability in metacommunity networks. Ecography. 40, 98-108. Doi: 10.1111/ecog.02558. Search in Google Scholar

Werner, F.A., Gradstein, S.R., (2009). Diversity of dry forest epiphytes along a gradient of human disturbance in the tropical Andes. Journal of Vegetation Science. 20, (1)59-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.05286.x Search in Google Scholar

Williams, N.S.G., Morgan, J.W., McCarthy, M.A., McDonnell, M.A., (2006). Local extinction of grassland plants: the landscape matrix is more important than patch attributes. Ecology. 87, 3000-3006 Search in Google Scholar