Regional Differences in the Level of Inflammation Between the Right and Left Coronary Arteries – a Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Study of Epicardial Fat Attenuation Index in Four Scenarios of Cardiovascular Emergencies

1 Cooper A, Calvert N, Skinner J, et al. Chest pain of recent onset: Assessment and diagnosis of recent onset chest pain or discomfort of suspected cardiac origin London: National Clinical Guideline Centre for Acute and Chronic Conditions. March, 2010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK63790 Search in Google Scholar

2 Newby DE, Williams M, Hunter A, et al.; SCOT-HEART investigators. CT coronary angiography in patients with suspected angina due to coronary heart disease (SCOT-HEART): an open-label, parallel-group, multicentre trial [published correction appears in Lancet. 2015 Jun 13;385(9985):2354]. Lancet. 2015;385:2383–2391. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60291-4. Search in Google Scholar

3 Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:407–477. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425. Search in Google Scholar

4 Koulaouzidis G, Charisopoulou D, Jenkins PJ, Koulaouzidis A, McArthur T. Prevalence of noncalcified coronary plaque in patients with calcium score of 0: the silent enemy. Angiology. 2013;64:205–210. doi: 10.1177/0003319712440618. Search in Google Scholar

5 Puri R, Nicholls SJ, Shao M, et al. Impact of statins on serial coronary calcification during atheroma progression and regression. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:1273–1282. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.036. Search in Google Scholar

6 Fishbein MC, Siegel RJ. How big are coronary atherosclerotic plaques that rupture? Circulation. 1996;94:2662–2666. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.94.10.2662. Search in Google Scholar

7 Antonopoulos AS, Sanna F, Sabharwal N, et al. Detecting human coronary inflammation by imaging perivascular fat. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9:eaal2658. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed. aal2658. Search in Google Scholar

8 Ross R. Atherosclerosis – an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115–126. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199901143400207. Search in Google Scholar

9 Gyöngyösi M, Hemetsberger R, Posa A, et al. Hypoxiainducible factor 1-alpha release after intracoronary versus intramyocardial stem cell therapy in myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2010;3:114–121. doi: 10.1007/s12265-009-9154-1. Search in Google Scholar

10 Benedek I, Bucur O, Benedek T. Intracoronary infusion of mononuclear bone marrow-derived stem cells is associated with a lower plaque burden after four years. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2014;21:217–229. doi: 10.5551/jat.19745. Search in Google Scholar

11 Opincariu D, Benedek T, Chițu M, Raț N, Benedek I. From CT to artificial intelligence for complex assessment of plaque-associated risk. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;36:2403–2427. doi: 10.1007/s10554-020-01926-1. Search in Google Scholar

12 Mátyás BB, Benedek I, Blîndu E, et al. Elevated FAI Index of Pericoronary Inflammation on Coronary CT Identifies Increased Risk of Coronary Plaque Vulnerability after COVID-19 Infection. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:7398. doi: 10.3390/ijms24087398. Search in Google Scholar

13 Oikonomou EK, Marwan M, Desai MY, et al. Non-invasive detection of coronary inflammation using computed tomography and prediction of residual cardiovascular risk (the CRISP CT study): a post-hoc analysis of prospective outcome data. Lancet. 2018;392:929–939. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31114-0. Search in Google Scholar

14 Dai X, Yu L, Lu Z, Shen C, Tao X, Zhang J. Serial change of perivascular fat attenuation index after statin treatment: Insights from a coronary CT angiography follow-up study. Int J Cardiol. 2020;319:144–149. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.06.008. Search in Google Scholar

15 Gijsen F, Katagiri Y, Barlis P, et al. Expert recommendations on the assessment of wall shear stress in human coronary arteries: existing methodologies, technical considerations, and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:3421–3433. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz551. Search in Google Scholar

16 Jin S, Yang Y, Oshinski J, Tannenbaum A, Gruden J, Giddens D. Flow patterns and wall shear stress distributions at atherosclerotic-prone sites in a human left coronary artery--an exploration using combined methods of CT and computational fluid dynamics. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2004;2004:3789–3791. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2004.1404062. Search in Google Scholar