Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 – From Pathophysiological Mechanisms to a Personalized Therapeutic Model

1. https://covid19.who.int/. https://covid19.who.int/ Search in Google Scholar

2. Gupta A, Madhavan M V, Sehgal K, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26:1017–32. GuptaA MadhavanM V SehgalK Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 Nat Med. 2020 26 1017 32 Search in Google Scholar

3. Casanova JL, Abel L. The human model: a genetic dissection of immunity to infection in natural conditions. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4:55–66. CasanovaJL AbelL The human model: a genetic dissection of immunity to infection in natural conditions Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 4 55 66 Search in Google Scholar

4. Waterer GW, Rello J, Wunderink RG. Management of Community-acquired Pneumonia in Adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:157–64. WatererGW RelloJ WunderinkRG Management of Community-acquired Pneumonia in Adults Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 183 157 64 Search in Google Scholar

5. Wang L, Li X, Chen H, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 Infection Does Not Result in Acute Kidney Injury: An Analysis of 116 Hospitalized Patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51:343–8. WangL LiX ChenH Coronavirus Disease 19 Infection Does Not Result in Acute Kidney Injury: An Analysis of 116 Hospitalized Patients from Wuhan, China Am J Nephrol. 2020 51 343 8 Search in Google Scholar

6. Pan X wu, Xu D, Zhang H, Zhou W, Wang L hui, Cui X gang. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:1114–6. PanX wu XuD ZhangH ZhouW WangL hui CuiX gang Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis Intensive Care Med. 2020 46 1114 6 Search in Google Scholar

7. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;97:829–38. ChengY LuoR WangK Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19 Kidney Int. 2020 97 829 38 Search in Google Scholar

8. McNicholas BA, Rezoagli E, Simpkin AJ, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of early-onset AKI in COVID-19-related ARDS in comparison with non-COVID-19-related ARDS: insights from two prospective global cohort studies. Crit Care. 2023;27:3. McNicholasBA RezoagliE SimpkinAJ Epidemiology and outcomes of early-onset AKI in COVID-19-related ARDS in comparison with non-COVID-19-related ARDS: insights from two prospective global cohort studies Crit Care. 2023 27 3 Search in Google Scholar

9. Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, et al. Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries. JAMA. 2016;315:788. BellaniG LaffeyJG PhamT Epidemiology, Patterns of Care, and Mortality for Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries JAMA. 2016 315 788 Search in Google Scholar

10. Tan BWL, Tan BWQ, Tan ALM, et al. Long-term kidney function recovery and mortality after COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: an international multi-centre observational cohort study. eClinicalMedicine. 2023;55:101724. TanBWL TanBWQ TanALM Long-term kidney function recovery and mortality after COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: an international multi-centre observational cohort study eClinicalMedicine. 2023 55 101724 Search in Google Scholar

11. Gabarre P, Dumas G, Dupont T, Darmon M, Azoulay E, Zafrani L. Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:1339–48. GabarreP DumasG DupontT DarmonM AzoulayE ZafraniL Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 Intensive Care Med. 2020 46 1339 48 Search in Google Scholar

12. Chen YT, Shao SC, Hsu CK, Wu IW, Hung MJ, Chen YC. Incidence of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020;24:346. ChenYT ShaoSC HsuCK WuIW HungMJ ChenYC Incidence of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis Crit Care. 2020 24 346 Search in Google Scholar

13. Bubenek-Turconi ŞI, Andrei S, Văleanu L, et al. Clinical characteristics and factors associated with ICU mortality during the first year of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic in Romania. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2023;40:4–12. Bubenek-TurconiŞI AndreiS VăleanuL Clinical characteristics and factors associated with ICU mortality during the first year of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic in Romania Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2023 40 4 12 Search in Google Scholar

14. Andrei S, Valeanu L, Stefan MG, et al. Outcomes of COVID-19 Critically Ill Extremely Elderly Patients: Analysis of a Large, National, Observational Cohort. J Clin Med. 2022;11:1544. AndreiS ValeanuL StefanMG Outcomes of COVID-19 Critically Ill Extremely Elderly Patients: Analysis of a Large, National, Observational Cohort J Clin Med. 2022 11 1544 Search in Google Scholar

15. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506. HuangC WangY LiX Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Lancet. 2020 395 497 506 Search in Google Scholar

16. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020;323:2052–9. RichardsonS HirschJS NarasimhanM Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area JAMA. 2020 323 2052 9 Search in Google Scholar

17. Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;98:209–18. HirschJS NgJH RossDW Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 Kidney Int. 2020 98 209 18 Search in Google Scholar

18. Gupta S, Hayek SS, Wang W, et al. Factors Associated With Death in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the US. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180:1436–46. GuptaS HayekSS WangW Factors Associated With Death in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the US JAMA Intern Med. 2020 180 1436 46 Search in Google Scholar

19. Mohamed MMB, Lukitsch I, Torres-Ortiz AE, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Urban New Orleans. Kidney360. 2020;1:614 LP – 622. MohamedMMB LukitschI Torres-OrtizAE Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Urban New Orleans Kidney360. 2020 1 614 LP 622 Search in Google Scholar

20. Schaubroeck H, Vandenberghe W, Boer W, et al. Acute kidney injury in critical COVID-19: a multicenter cohort analysis in seven large hospitals in Belgium. Crit Care. 2022;26:225. SchaubroeckH VandenbergheW BoerW Acute kidney injury in critical COVID-19: a multicenter cohort analysis in seven large hospitals in Belgium Crit Care. 2022 26 225 Search in Google Scholar

21. Sullivan MK, Lees JS, Drake TM, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK Study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37:271–84. SullivanMK LeesJS DrakeTM Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK Study: a prospective, multicentre cohort study Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022 37 271 84 Search in Google Scholar

22. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323:1061–9. WangD HuB HuC Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China JAMA. 2020 323 1061 9 Search in Google Scholar

23. Guan W jie, Ni Z yi, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1708–20. GuanW jie NiZ yi HuY Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China N Engl J Med. 2020 382 1708 20 Search in Google Scholar

24. Cao J, Hu X, Cheng W, Yu L, Tu WJ, Liu Q. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 18 patients with corona virus disease 2019 in intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:851–3. CaoJ HuX ChengW YuL TuWJ LiuQ Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 18 patients with corona virus disease 2019 in intensive care unit Intensive Care Med. 2020 46 851 3 Search in Google Scholar

25. Zhang G, Hu C, Luo L, et al. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 221 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104364. ZhangG HuC LuoL Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 221 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China J Clin Virol. 2020 127 104364 Search in Google Scholar

26. Xu S, Fu L, Fei J, et al. Acute kidney injury at early stage as a negative prognostic indicator of patients with COVID-19: a hospital-based retrospective analysis. medRxiv. 2020;2020.03.24.20042408. XuS FuL FeiJ Acute kidney injury at early stage as a negative prognostic indicator of patients with COVID-19: a hospital-based retrospective analysis medRxiv. 2020 2020.03.24.20042408. Search in Google Scholar

27. Li Z, Wu M, Yao J, et al. Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of COVID-19 Patients. medRxiv. 2020;2020.02.08.20021212. LiZ WuM YaoJ Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of COVID-19 Patients medRxiv. 2020 2020.02.08.20021212. Search in Google Scholar

28. Zheng Y, Sun LJ, Xu M, et al. Clinical characteristics of 34 COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit in Hangzhou, China. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2020;21:378–87. ZhengY SunLJ XuM Clinical characteristics of 34 COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit in Hangzhou, China J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2020 21 378 87 Search in Google Scholar

29. Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020;323:1612–4. ArentzM YimE KlaffL Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in Washington State JAMA. 2020 323 1612 4 Search in Google Scholar

30. Nadim MK, Forni LG, Mehta RL, et al. COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 25th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16:747–64. NadimMK ForniLG MehtaRL COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 25th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Workgroup Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020 16 747 64 Search in Google Scholar

31. Ronco C, Reis T, Husain-Syed F. Management of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:738–42. RoncoC ReisT Husain-SyedF Management of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19 Lancet Respir Med. 2020 8 738 42 Search in Google Scholar

32. Murugan R, Kellum JA. Acute kidney injury: what's the prognosis? Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7:209–17. MuruganR KellumJA Acute kidney injury: what's the prognosis? Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011 7 209 17 Search in Google Scholar

33. Chen R, Liang W, Jiang M, et al. Risk Factors of Fatal Outcome in Hospitalized Subjects With Coronavirus Disease 2019 From a Nationwide Analysis in China. Chest. 2020;158:97–105. ChenR LiangW JiangM Risk Factors of Fatal Outcome in Hospitalized Subjects With Coronavirus Disease 2019 From a Nationwide Analysis in China Chest. 2020 158 97 105 Search in Google Scholar

34. Cao M, Zhang D, Wang Y, et al. Clinical Features of Patients Infected with the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Shanghai, China. medRxiv. 2020;2020.03.04.20030395. CaoM ZhangD WangY Clinical Features of Patients Infected with the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Shanghai, China medRxiv. 2020 2020.03.04.20030395. Search in Google Scholar

35. Larsen CP, Bourne TD, Wilson JD, Saqqa O, Sharshir MA. Collapsing Glomerulopathy in a Patient With COVID-19. Kidney Int Reports. 2020;5:935–9. LarsenCP BourneTD WilsonJD SaqqaO SharshirMA Collapsing Glomerulopathy in a Patient With COVID-19 Kidney Int Reports. 2020 5 935 9 Search in Google Scholar

36. Kissling S, Rotman S, Gerber C, et al. Collapsing glomerulopathy in a COVID-19 patient. Kidney Int. 2020;98:228–31. KisslingS RotmanS GerberC Collapsing glomerulopathy in a COVID-19 patient Kidney Int. 2020 98 228 31 Search in Google Scholar

37. Peleg Y, Kudose S, D’Agati V, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Due to Collapsing Glomerulopathy Following COVID-19 Infection. Kidney Int reports. 2020;5:940–5. PelegY KudoseS D’AgatiV Acute Kidney Injury Due to Collapsing Glomerulopathy Following COVID-19 Infection Kidney Int reports. 2020 5 940 5 Search in Google Scholar

38. Nasr SH, Kopp JB. COVID-19-Associated Collapsing Glomerulopathy: An Emerging Entity. Kidney Int reports. 2020;5:759–61. NasrSH KoppJB COVID-19-Associated Collapsing Glomerulopathy: An Emerging Entity Kidney Int reports. 2020 5 759 61 Search in Google Scholar

39. Nguyen MT, Maynard SE, Kimmel PL. Misapplications of Commonly Used Kidney Equations: Renal Physiology in Practice. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:528 LP – 534. NguyenMT MaynardSE KimmelPL Misapplications of Commonly Used Kidney Equations: Renal Physiology in Practice Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 4 528 LP 534 Search in Google Scholar

40. Ciceri F, Beretta L, Scandroglio AM, et al. Microvascular COVID-19 lung vessels obstructive thromboinflammatory syndrome (MicroCLOTS): an atypical acute respiratory distress syndrome working hypothesis. Crit care Resusc J Australas Acad Crit Care Med. 2020;22:95–7. CiceriF BerettaL ScandroglioAM Microvascular COVID-19 lung vessels obstructive thromboinflammatory syndrome (MicroCLOTS): an atypical acute respiratory distress syndrome working hypothesis Crit care Resusc J Australas Acad Crit Care Med. 2020 22 95 7 Search in Google Scholar

41. Sargiacomo C, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. COVID-19 and chronological aging: senolytics and other anti-aging drugs for the treatment or prevention of corona virus infection? Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12:6511–7. SargiacomoC SotgiaF LisantiMP COVID-19 and chronological aging: senolytics and other anti-aging drugs for the treatment or prevention of corona virus infection? Aging (Albany NY). 2020 12 6511 7 Search in Google Scholar

42. S. HN, H. DM, Biykem B, T. CL. Description and Proposed Management of the Acute COVID-19 Cardiovascular Syndrome. Circulation. 2020;141:1903–14. HNS DMH BiykemB CLT Description and Proposed Management of the Acute COVID-19 Cardiovascular Syndrome Circulation 2020 141 1903 14 Search in Google Scholar

43. Everson M, Sukcharoen K, Milner Q. Contrast-associated acute kidney injury. BJA Educ. 2020;20:417–23. EversonM SukcharoenK MilnerQ Contrast-associated acute kidney injury BJA Educ. 2020 20 417 23 Search in Google Scholar

44. Mehran R, Dangas GD, Weisbord SD. Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:2146–55. MehranR DangasGD WeisbordSD Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury N Engl J Med. 2019 380 2146 55 Search in Google Scholar

45. McDonald JS, Leake CB, McDonald RJ, et al. Acute Kidney Injury After Intravenous Versus Intra-Arterial Contrast Material Administration in a Paired Cohort. Invest Radiol. 2016;51:804–9. McDonaldJS LeakeCB McDonaldRJ Acute Kidney Injury After Intravenous Versus Intra-Arterial Contrast Material Administration in a Paired Cohort Invest Radiol. 2016 51 804 9 Search in Google Scholar

46. McDonald JS, McDonald RJ, Carter RE, Katzberg RW, Kallmes DF, Williamson EE. Risk of intravenous contrast material-mediated acute kidney injury: a propensity score-matched study stratified by baseline-estimated glomerular filtration rate. Radiology. 2014;271:65–73. McDonaldJS McDonaldRJ CarterRE KatzbergRW KallmesDF WilliamsonEE Risk of intravenous contrast material-mediated acute kidney injury: a propensity score-matched study stratified by baseline-estimated glomerular filtration rate Radiology. 2014 271 65 73 Search in Google Scholar

47. McDonald RJ, McDonald JS, Bida JP, et al. Intravenous contrast material-induced nephropathy: causal or coincident phenomenon? Radiology. 2013;267:106–18. McDonaldRJ McDonaldJS BidaJP Intravenous contrast material-induced nephropathy: causal or coincident phenomenon? Radiology. 2013 267 106 18 Search in Google Scholar

48. McDonald RJ, McDonald JS, Carter RE, et al. Intravenous contrast material exposure is not an independent risk factor for dialysis or mortality. Radiology. 2014;273:714–25. McDonaldRJ McDonaldJS CarterRE Intravenous contrast material exposure is not an independent risk factor for dialysis or mortality Radiology. 2014 273 714 25 Search in Google Scholar

49. Bruce RJ, Djamali A, Shinki K, Michel SJ, Fine JP, Pozniak MA. Background fluctuation of kidney function versus contrast-induced nephrotoxicity. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192:711–8. BruceRJ DjamaliA ShinkiK MichelSJ FineJP PozniakMA Background fluctuation of kidney function versus contrast-induced nephrotoxicity AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 192 711 8 Search in Google Scholar

50. Ehmann MR, Mitchell J, Levin S, et al. Renal outcomes following intravenous contrast administration in patients with acute kidney injury: a multi-site retrospective propensity-adjusted analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2023;49:205–15. EhmannMR MitchellJ LevinS Renal outcomes following intravenous contrast administration in patients with acute kidney injury: a multi-site retrospective propensity-adjusted analysis Intensive Care Med. 2023 49 205 15 Search in Google Scholar

51. Palevsky PM, Liu KD, Brophy PD, et al. KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;61:649–72. PalevskyPM LiuKD BrophyPD KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury Am J Kidney Dis. 2013 61 649 72 Search in Google Scholar

52. Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Ostrowski SR. Shock induced endotheliopathy (SHINE) in acute critical illness - a unifying pathophysiologic mechanism. Crit Care. 2017;21:25. JohanssonPI StensballeJ OstrowskiSR Shock induced endotheliopathy (SHINE) in acute critical illness - a unifying pathophysiologic mechanism Crit Care. 2017 21 25 Search in Google Scholar

53. Joannidis M, Forni LG, Klein SJ, et al. Lung–kidney interactions in critically ill patients: consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 21 Workgroup. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:654–72. JoannidisM ForniLG KleinSJ Lung–kidney interactions in critically ill patients: consensus report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 21 Workgroup Intensive Care Med. 2020 46 654 72 Search in Google Scholar

54. Rezoagli E, McNicholas B, Pham T, Bellani G, Laffey JG. Lung-kidney cross-talk in the critically ill: insights from the Lung Safe study. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:1072–3. RezoagliE McNicholasB PhamT BellaniG LaffeyJG Lung-kidney cross-talk in the critically ill: insights from the Lung Safe study Intensive Care Med. 2020 46 1072 3 Search in Google Scholar

55. Husain-Syed F, Slutsky AS, Ronco C. Lung-Kidney Cross-Talk in the Critically Ill Patient. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;194:402–14. Husain-SyedF SlutskyAS RoncoC Lung-Kidney Cross-Talk in the Critically Ill Patient Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016 194 402 14 Search in Google Scholar

56. Chedid NR, Udit S, Solhjou Z, Patanwala MY, Sheridan AM, Barkoudah E. COVID-19 and Rhabdomyolysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35:3087–90. ChedidNR UditS SolhjouZ PatanwalaMY SheridanAM BarkoudahE COVID-19 and Rhabdomyolysis J Gen Intern Med. 2020 35 3087 90 Search in Google Scholar

57. Mah TJ, Lum YH, Fan BE. Coronavirus disease 2019 presenting with rhabdomyolysis. Proc Singapore Healthc. 2020;2010105820943911. MahTJ LumYH FanBE Coronavirus disease 2019 presenting with rhabdomyolysis Proc Singapore Healthc. 2020 2010105820943911 Search in Google Scholar

58. Rivas-García S, Bernal J, Bachiller-Corral J. Rhabdomyolysis as the main manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019. Rheumatology. 2020;59:2174–6. Rivas-GarcíaS BernalJ Bachiller-CorralJ Rhabdomyolysis as the main manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 Rheumatology. 2020 59 2174 6 Search in Google Scholar

59. Schrier RW. AKI: fluid overload and mortality. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2009;5:485. SchrierRW AKI: fluid overload and mortality Nat Rev Nephrol. 2009 5 485 Search in Google Scholar

60. Messmer AS, Zingg C, Müller M, Gerber JL, Schefold JC, Pfortmueller CA. Fluid Overload and Mortality in Adult Critical Care Patients-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Crit Care Med. 2020;48:1862–70. MessmerAS ZinggC MüllerM GerberJL SchefoldJC PfortmuellerCA Fluid Overload and Mortality in Adult Critical Care Patients-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies Crit Care Med. 2020 48 1862 70 Search in Google Scholar

61. Monnet X, Marik PE, Teboul JL. Prediction of fluid responsiveness: an update. Ann Intensive Care. 2016;6:111. MonnetX MarikPE TeboulJL Prediction of fluid responsiveness: an update Ann Intensive Care. 2016 6 111 Search in Google Scholar

62. Malbrain MLNG, Marik PE, Witters I, et al. Fluid overload, deresuscitation, and outcomes in critically ill or injured patients: a systematic review with suggestions for clinical practice. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2014;46:361–80. MalbrainMLNG MarikPE WittersI Fluid overload, deresuscitation, and outcomes in critically ill or injured patients: a systematic review with suggestions for clinical practice Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2014 46 361 80 Search in Google Scholar

63. Valeanu L, Bubenek-Turconi SI, Ginghina C, Balan C. Hemodynamic Monitoring in Sepsis—A Conceptual Framework of Macro- and Microcirculatory Alterations. Diagnostics. 2021;11:1559. ValeanuL Bubenek-TurconiSI GinghinaC BalanC Hemodynamic Monitoring in Sepsis—A Conceptual Framework of Macro- and Microcirculatory Alterations Diagnostics. 2021 11 1559 Search in Google Scholar

64. Ince C. Hemodynamic coherence and the rationale for monitoring the microcirculation. Crit Care. 2015;19 Suppl 3:S8–S8. InceC Hemodynamic coherence and the rationale for monitoring the microcirculation Crit Care. 2015 19 Suppl 3 S8 S8 Search in Google Scholar

65. Koning NJ, Vonk ABA, Vink H, Boer C. Side-by-Side Alterations in Glycocalyx Thickness and Perfused Microvascular Density During Acute Microcirculatory Alterations in Cardiac Surgery. Microcirculation. 2016;23:69–74. KoningNJ VonkABA VinkH BoerC Side-by-Side Alterations in Glycocalyx Thickness and Perfused Microvascular Density During Acute Microcirculatory Alterations in Cardiac Surgery Microcirculation. 2016 23 69 74 Search in Google Scholar

66. Rorije NMG, Olde Engberink RHG, Chahid Y, et al. Microvascular Permeability after an Acute and Chronic Salt Load in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Open-label Crossover Intervention Study. Anesthesiology. 2018;128:352–60. RorijeNMG Olde EngberinkRHG ChahidY Microvascular Permeability after an Acute and Chronic Salt Load in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Open-label Crossover Intervention Study Anesthesiology. 2018 128 352 60 Search in Google Scholar

67. Ince C. The rationale for microcirculatory guided fluid therapy. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014;20:301–8. InceC The rationale for microcirculatory guided fluid therapy Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014 20 301 8 Search in Google Scholar

68. Hilty MP, Ince C. Automated quantification of tissue red blood cell perfusion as a new resuscitation target. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2020;26:273–80. HiltyMP InceC Automated quantification of tissue red blood cell perfusion as a new resuscitation target Curr Opin Crit Care. 2020 26 273 80 Search in Google Scholar

69. Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:829–39. SemlerMW SelfWH WandererJP Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults N Engl J Med. 2018 378 829 39 Search in Google Scholar

70. Zarychanski R, Abou-Setta AM, Turgeon AF, et al. Association of Hydroxyethyl Starch Administration With Mortality and Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients Requiring Volume Resuscitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;309:678–88. ZarychanskiR Abou-SettaAM TurgeonAF Association of Hydroxyethyl Starch Administration With Mortality and Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients Requiring Volume Resuscitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis JAMA. 2013 309 678 88 Search in Google Scholar

71. Moeller C, Fleischmann C, Thomas-Rueddel D, et al. How safe is gelatin? A systematic review and meta-analysis of gelatin-containing plasma expanders vs crystalloids and albumin. J Crit Care. 2016;35:75–83. MoellerC FleischmannC Thomas-RueddelD How safe is gelatin? A systematic review and meta-analysis of gelatin-containing plasma expanders vs crystalloids and albumin J Crit Care. 2016 35 75 83 Search in Google Scholar

72. Hughes D, Boag A. Fluid Therapy with Macromolecular Plasma Volume Expanders. In: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice. Elsevier; 2012. p. 647–64. HughesD BoagA Fluid Therapy with Macromolecular Plasma Volume Expanders In: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice Elsevier 2012 647 64 Search in Google Scholar

73. Alhazzani W, Møller MH, Arabi YM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:854–87. AlhazzaniW MøllerMH ArabiYM Surviving Sepsis Campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Intensive Care Med. 2020 46 854 87 Search in Google Scholar

74. Zampieri FG, Machado FR, Biondi RS, et al. Effect of Intravenous Fluid Treatment With a Balanced Solution vs 0.9% Saline Solution on Mortality in Critically Ill Patients. JAMA. 2021;326:818. ZampieriFG MachadoFR BiondiRS Effect of Intravenous Fluid Treatment With a Balanced Solution vs 0.9% Saline Solution on Mortality in Critically Ill Patients JAMA. 2021 326 818 Search in Google Scholar

75. Beran A, Altorok N, Srour O, et al. Balanced Crystalloids versus Normal Saline in Adults with Sepsis: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2022;11:1971. BeranA AltorokN SrourO Balanced Crystalloids versus Normal Saline in Adults with Sepsis: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis J Clin Med. 2022 11 1971 Search in Google Scholar

76. Zarbock A, Nadim MK, Pickkers P, et al. Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 28th Acute Disease Quality Initiative workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2023;19:401–17. ZarbockA NadimMK PickkersP Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 28th Acute Disease Quality Initiative workgroup Nat Rev Nephrol. 2023 19 401 17 Search in Google Scholar

77. S. Finfer, R. Bellomo, N. Boyce, J. French, J. Myburgh and RN. A Comparison of Albumin and Saline for Fluid Resuscitation in the Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2247–56. FinferS. BellomoR. BoyceN. FrenchJ. MyburghJ. NR A Comparison of Albumin and Saline for Fluid Resuscitation in the Intensive Care Unit N Engl J Med 2004 350 2247 56 Search in Google Scholar

78. Caironi P, Tognoni G, Masson S, et al. Albumin Replacement in Patients with Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1412–21. CaironiP TognoniG MassonS Albumin Replacement in Patients with Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock N Engl J Med. 2014 370 1412 21 Search in Google Scholar

79. Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Caironi P, et al. COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes? Intensive Care Med. 2020;46: 1099–1102. GattinoniL ChiumelloD CaironiP COVID-19 pneumonia: different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes? Intensive Care Med. 2020 46 1099 1102 Search in Google Scholar

80. Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Rossi S. COVID-19 pneumonia: ARDS or not? Crit Care. 2020;24:154. GattinoniL ChiumelloD RossiS COVID-19 pneumonia: ARDS or not? Crit Care. 2020 24 154 Search in Google Scholar

81. Gattinoni L, Coppola S, Cressoni M, Busana M, Rossi S, Chiumello D. COVID-19 Does Not Lead to a “Typical” Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Vol. 201, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2020. p. 1299–300. GattinoniL CoppolaS CressoniM BusanaM RossiS ChiumelloD COVID-19 Does Not Lead to a “Typical” Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 201 American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 2020 1299 300 Search in Google Scholar

82. Marini JJ, Gattinoni L. Management of COVID-19 Respiratory Distress. JAMA. 2020;323:2329–30. MariniJJ GattinoniL Management of COVID-19 Respiratory Distress JAMA. 2020 323 2329 30 Search in Google Scholar

83. Tobin MJ, Jubran A, Laghi F. Misconceptions of pathophysiology of happy hypoxemia and implications for management of COVID-19. Respir Res. 2020;21:249. TobinMJ JubranA LaghiF Misconceptions of pathophysiology of happy hypoxemia and implications for management of COVID-19 Respir Res. 2020 21 249 Search in Google Scholar

84. Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A. P-SILI is not justification for intubation of COVID-19 patients. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10:105. TobinMJ LaghiF JubranA P-SILI is not justification for intubation of COVID-19 patients Ann Intensive Care. 2020 10 105 Search in Google Scholar

85. Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A. Caution about early intubation and mechanical ventilation in COVID-19. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10:78. TobinMJ LaghiF JubranA Caution about early intubation and mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 Ann Intensive Care. 2020 10 78 Search in Google Scholar

86. Filippini DFL, Di Gennaro E, van Amstel RBE, et al. Latent class analysis of imaging and clinical respiratory parameters from patients with COVID-19-related ARDS identifies recruitment subphenotypes. Crit Care. 2022;26:363. FilippiniDFL Di GennaroE van AmstelRBE Latent class analysis of imaging and clinical respiratory parameters from patients with COVID-19-related ARDS identifies recruitment subphenotypes Crit Care. 2022 26 363 Search in Google Scholar

87. Chiumello D, Busana M, Coppola S, et al. Physiological and quantitative CT-scan characterization of COVID-19 and typical ARDS: a matched cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:2187–96. ChiumelloD BusanaM CoppolaS Physiological and quantitative CT-scan characterization of COVID-19 and typical ARDS: a matched cohort study Intensive Care Med. 2020 46 2187 96 Search in Google Scholar

88. Ferrando C, Suarez-Sipmann F, Mellado-Artigas R, et al. Clinical features, ventilatory management, and outcome of ARDS caused by COVID-19 are similar to other causes of ARDS. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:2200–11. FerrandoC Suarez-SipmannF Mellado-ArtigasR Clinical features, ventilatory management, and outcome of ARDS caused by COVID-19 are similar to other causes of ARDS Intensive Care Med. 2020 46 2200 11 Search in Google Scholar

89. Grasselli G, Calfee CS, Camporota L, et al. ESICM guidelines on acute respiratory distress syndrome: definition, phenotyping and respiratory support strategies. Intensive Care Med. 2023. doi: 10.1007/s00134-023-07050-7. [Epub ahead of print]. GrasselliG CalfeeCS CamporotaL ESICM guidelines on acute respiratory distress syndrome: definition, phenotyping and respiratory support strategies Intensive Care Med 2023 10.1007/s00134-023-07050-7 [Epub ahead of print]. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

90. Ottolina D, Zazzeron L, Trevisi L, et al. Acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19 infection is associated with ventilatory management with elevated positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). J Nephrol. 2022;35:99–111. OttolinaD ZazzeronL TrevisiL Acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19 infection is associated with ventilatory management with elevated positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) J Nephrol. 2022 35 99 111 Search in Google Scholar

91. Vignon P, Evrard B, Asfar P, et al. Fluid administration and monitoring in ARDS: which management? Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:2252–64. VignonP EvrardB AsfarP Fluid administration and monitoring in ARDS: which management? Intensive Care Med. 2020 46 2252 64 Search in Google Scholar

92. Yang Y, Ma J, Zhao L. High central venous pressure is associated with acute kidney injury and mortality in patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. J Crit Care. 2018;48:211–5. YangY MaJ ZhaoL High central venous pressure is associated with acute kidney injury and mortality in patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery J Crit Care. 2018 48 211 5 Search in Google Scholar

93. Chen CY, Zhou Y, Wang P, Qi EY, Gu WJ. Elevated central venous pressure is associated with increased mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020;24:80. ChenCY ZhouY WangP QiEY GuWJ Elevated central venous pressure is associated with increased mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis Crit Care. 2020 24 80 Search in Google Scholar

94. Honoré PM, Pierrakos C, Spapen HD. Relationship Between Central Venous Pressure and Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients. In Vincent, JL: Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Springer International Publishing. 2019, pp 303–311. HonoréPM PierrakosC SpapenHD Relationship Between Central Venous Pressure and Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients In VincentJL Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine Springer International Publishing 2019 303 311 Search in Google Scholar

95. Levitt JE, Lin MY, Liu K, Goldstein BA, Truwit JD. Increased Central Venous Pressure Reduces Renal Perfusion Pressure and Increases Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. In American Thoracic Society; 2015. p. A3993–A3993. LevittJE LinMY LiuK GoldsteinBA TruwitJD Increased Central Venous Pressure Reduces Renal Perfusion Pressure and Increases Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome In American Thoracic Society 2015 A3993 A3993 Search in Google Scholar

96. Ostermann M, Hall A, Crichton S. Low mean perfusion pressure is a risk factor for progression of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients - A retrospective analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18:151. OstermannM HallA CrichtonS Low mean perfusion pressure is a risk factor for progression of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients - A retrospective analysis BMC Nephrol. 2017 18 151 Search in Google Scholar

97. Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M, et al. Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:1795–815. CecconiM De BackerD AntonelliM Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Intensive Care Med. 2014 40 1795 815 Search in Google Scholar

98. Vieillard-Baron A, Prigent A, Repessé X, et al. Right ventricular failure in septic shock: characterization, incidence and impact on fluid responsiveness. Crit Care. 2020;24:630. Vieillard-BaronA PrigentA RepesséX Right ventricular failure in septic shock: characterization, incidence and impact on fluid responsiveness Crit Care. 2020 24 630 Search in Google Scholar

99. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis MLC, Lely AT, Navis GJ, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004;203:631–7. HammingI TimensW BulthuisMLC LelyAT NavisGJ van GoorH Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis J Pathol. 2004 203 631 7 Search in Google Scholar

100. Lely AT, Hamming I, van Goor H, Navis GJ. Renal ACE2 expression in human kidney disease. J Pathol. 2004;204:587–93. LelyAT HammingI van GoorH NavisGJ Renal ACE2 expression in human kidney disease J Pathol. 2004 204 587 93 Search in Google Scholar

101. Wang K, Chen W, Zhang Z, et al. CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:283. WangK ChenW ZhangZ CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020 5 283 Search in Google Scholar

102. Chiu PF, Su SL, Tsai CC, et al. Cyclophilin A and CD147 associate with progression of diabetic nephropathy. Free Radic Res. 2018;52:1456–63. ChiuPF SuSL TsaiCC Cyclophilin A and CD147 associate with progression of diabetic nephropathy Free Radic Res. 2018 52 1456 63 Search in Google Scholar

103. Su H, Yang M, Wan C, et al. Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney Int. 2020;98:219–27. SuH YangM WanC Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China Kidney Int. 2020 98 219 27 Search in Google Scholar

104. Farkash EA, Wilson AM, Jentzen JM. Ultrastructural Evidence for Direct Renal Infection with SARS-CoV-2. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31:1683 LP – 1687. FarkashEA WilsonAM JentzenJM Ultrastructural Evidence for Direct Renal Infection with SARS-CoV-2 J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020 31 1683 LP 1687 Search in Google Scholar

105. Puelles VG, Lütgehetmann M, Lindenmeyer MT, et al. Multiorgan and Renal Tropism of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:590–2. PuellesVG LütgehetmannM LindenmeyerMT Multiorgan and Renal Tropism of SARS-CoV-2 N Engl J Med. 2020 383 590 2 Search in Google Scholar

106. Braun F, Lütgehetmann M, Pfefferle S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 renal tropism associates with acute kidney injury. Lancet. 2020;396:597–8. BraunF LütgehetmannM PfefferleS SARS-CoV-2 renal tropism associates with acute kidney injury Lancet. 2020 396 597 8 Search in Google Scholar

107. Rossi GM, Delsante M, Pilato FP, et al. Kidney Biopsy Findings in a Critically Ill COVID-19 Patient With Dialysis-Dependent Acute Kidney Injury: A Case Against SARS-CoV-2 Nephropathy; Kidney Int Reports. 2020;5:1100–5. RossiGM DelsanteM PilatoFP Kidney Biopsy Findings in a Critically Ill COVID-19 Patient With Dialysis-Dependent Acute Kidney Injury: A Case Against SARS-CoV-2 Nephropathy Kidney Int Reports 2020 5 1100 5 Search in Google Scholar

108. Dudoignon E, Moreno N, Deniau B, et al. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is associated with Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19. Anaesthesia, Crit care pain Med. 2020/06/18. 2020;39:453–5. DudoignonE MorenoN DeniauB Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is associated with Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19 Anaesthesia, Crit care pain Med 2020/06/18. 2020 39 453 5 Search in Google Scholar

109. Puskarich MA, Ingraham NE, Merck LH, et al. Efficacy of Losartan in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19–Induced Lung Injury. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e222735. PuskarichMA IngrahamNE MerckLH Efficacy of Losartan in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19–Induced Lung Injury JAMA Netw Open. 2022 5 e222735 Search in Google Scholar

110. Perego AAM, Sabiu G, Ottolina D, et al. Post-mortem renal histopathological findings in 43 COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) deceased in the intensive care unit. J Nephrol. 2023;36:605–8. PeregoAAM SabiuG OttolinaD Post-mortem renal histopathological findings in 43 COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) deceased in the intensive care unit J Nephrol. 2023 36 605 8 Search in Google Scholar

111. Paranjpe I, Jayaraman P, Su CY, et al. Proteomic characterization of acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV2 infection. Commun Med. 2023;3:81. ParanjpeI JayaramanP SuCY Proteomic characterization of acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV2 infection Commun Med. 2023 3 81 Search in Google Scholar

112. Doty JM, Saggi BH, Blocher CR, et al. Effects of increased renal parenchymal pressure on renal function. J Trauma. 2000;48:874–7. DotyJM SaggiBH BlocherCR Effects of increased renal parenchymal pressure on renal function J Trauma. 2000 48 874 7 Search in Google Scholar

113. Damman K, van Deursen VM, Navis G, Voors AA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL. Increased central venous pressure is associated with impaired renal function and mortality in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:582–8. DammanK van DeursenVM NavisG VoorsAA van VeldhuisenDJ HillegeHL Increased central venous pressure is associated with impaired renal function and mortality in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular disease J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 53 582 8 Search in Google Scholar

114. Legrand M, Dupuis C, Simon C, et al. Association between systemic hemodynamics and septic acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a retrospective observational study. Crit Care. 2013;17:R278. LegrandM DupuisC SimonC Association between systemic hemodynamics and septic acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: a retrospective observational study Crit Care. 2013 17 R278 Search in Google Scholar

115. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, et al. Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:589–96. MullensW AbrahamsZ FrancisGS Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 53 589 96 Search in Google Scholar

116. Panwar R, Tarvade S, Lanyon N, et al. Relative Hypotension and Adverse Kidney-related Outcomes among Critically Ill Patients with Shock. A Multicenter, Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202:1407–18. PanwarR TarvadeS LanyonN Relative Hypotension and Adverse Kidney-related Outcomes among Critically Ill Patients with Shock. A Multicenter, Prospective Cohort Study Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 202 1407 18 Search in Google Scholar

117. Corradi F, Via G, Tavazzi G. What's new in ultrasound-based assessment of organ perfusion in the critically ill: expanding the bedside clinical monitoring window for hypoperfusion in shock. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:775–9. CorradiF ViaG TavazziG What's new in ultrasound-based assessment of organ perfusion in the critically ill: expanding the bedside clinical monitoring window for hypoperfusion in shock Intensive Care Med. 2020 46 775 9 Search in Google Scholar

118. Kattan E, Castro R, Miralles-Aguiar F, Hernández G, Rola P. The emerging concept of fluid tolerance: A position paper. J Crit Care. 2022;71:154070. KattanE CastroR Miralles-AguiarF HernándezG RolaP The emerging concept of fluid tolerance: A position paper J Crit Care. 2022 71 154070 Search in Google Scholar

119. Murugan R, Kerti SJ, Chang CCH, et al. Association of Net Ultrafiltration Rate With Mortality Among Critically Ill Adults With Acute Kidney Injury Receiving Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration: A Secondary Analysis of the Randomized Evaluation of Normal vs Augmented Level (RENAL) of Renal. JAMA Netw open. 2019;2:e195418. MuruganR KertiSJ ChangCCH Association of Net Ultrafiltration Rate With Mortality Among Critically Ill Adults With Acute Kidney Injury Receiving Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration: A Secondary Analysis of the Randomized Evaluation of Normal vs Augmented Level (RENAL) of Renal JAMA Netw open. 2019 2 e195418 Search in Google Scholar

120. Tehranian S, Shawwa K, Kashani KB. Net ultrafiltration rate and its impact on mortality in patients with acute kidney injury receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Clin Kidney J. 2019;14:564–9. TehranianS ShawwaK KashaniKB Net ultrafiltration rate and its impact on mortality in patients with acute kidney injury receiving continuous renal replacement therapy Clin Kidney J. 2019 14 564 9 Search in Google Scholar

121. Naorungroj T, Neto AS, Zwakman-Hessels L, et al. Early net ultrafiltration rate and mortality in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;36:1112–9. NaorungrojT NetoAS Zwakman-HesselsL Early net ultrafiltration rate and mortality in critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020 36 1112 9 Search in Google Scholar

122. Serpa Neto A, Naorungroj T, Murugan R, Kellum JA, Gallagher M, Bellomo R. Heterogeneity of Effect of Net Ultrafiltration Rate among Critically Ill Adults Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. Blood Purif. 2020;1–11. Serpa NetoA NaorungrojT MuruganR KellumJA GallagherM BellomoR Heterogeneity of Effect of Net Ultrafiltration Rate among Critically Ill Adults Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Blood Purif. 2020 1 11 Search in Google Scholar

123. Legrand M, Soussi S, Depret F. Cardiac output and CVP monitoring… to guide fluid removal. Crit Care. 2018;22:89. LegrandM SoussiS DepretF Cardiac output and CVP monitoring… to guide fluid removal Crit Care. 2018 22 89 Search in Google Scholar

124. Parkin G, Wright C, Bellomo R, Boyce N. Use of a mean systemic filling pressure analogue during the closed-loop control of fluid replacement in continuous hemodiafiltration. J Crit Care. 1994;9:124–33. ParkinG WrightC BellomoR BoyceN Use of a mean systemic filling pressure analogue during the closed-loop control of fluid replacement in continuous hemodiafiltration J Crit Care. 1994 9 124 33 Search in Google Scholar

125. De Backer D, Ostermann M, Monnet X. The nuts and bolts of fluid de-escalation. Intensive Care Med. 2023. doi: 10.1007/s00134-023-07164-y. [Epub ahead of print]. De BackerD OstermannM MonnetX The nuts and bolts of fluid de-escalation Intensive Care Med 2023 10.1007/s00134-023-07164-y [Epub ahead of print]. Open DOISearch in Google Scholar