This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Noble-Bell G, Cox A. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Nurs Times. 2014;110(10):14-17.Noble-BellGCoxAManagement of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults2014110101417Search in Google Scholar
Westerberg DP. Diabetic ketoacidosis: evaluation and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2013;87(5):337-346.WesterbergDPDiabetic ketoacidosis: evaluation and treatment2013875337346Search in Google Scholar
Koye DN, Magliano DJ, Nelson RG, Pavkov ME. The Global Epidemiology of Diabetes and Kidney Disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018;25(2):121-132.KoyeDNMaglianoDJNelsonRGPavkovMEThe Global Epidemiology of Diabetes and Kidney Disease201825212113210.1053/j.ackd.2017.10.011Search in Google Scholar
Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ. Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine (Abingdon). 2014;42(12):698-702.ForouhiNGWarehamNJEpidemiology of diabetes20144212698702Search in Google Scholar
Hussain A, Bhowmik B, do Vale Moreira NC. COVID-19 and diabetes: Knowledge in progress. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;162:108142.HussainABhowmikBdoVale Moreira NCCOVID-19 and diabetes: Knowledge in progress202016210814210.1016/j.diabres.2020.108142Search in Google Scholar
Rauf A, Abu-Izneid T, Olatunde A, et al. COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(21):E8155. Published 2020 Nov 4.RaufAAbu-IzneidTOlatundeAet alCOVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies20201721E8155Published 2020 Nov 410.3390/ijerph17218155Search in Google Scholar
Bouhanick B, Cracowski J-L, Faillie J-L. Diabetes and COVID-19. Therapies. 2020;75(4):327-333.BouhanickBCracowskiJ-LFaillieJ-LDiabetes and COVID-19202075432733310.1016/j.therap.2020.05.006Search in Google Scholar
Singh AK, Gupta R, Ghosh A, Misra A. Diabetes in COVID-19: Prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):303-310.SinghAKGuptaRGhoshAMisraADiabetes in COVID-19: Prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations202014430331010.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.004719512032298981Search in Google Scholar
Abdi A, Jalilian M, Sarbarzeh PA, Vlaisavljevic Z. Diabetes and COVID-19: A systematic review on the current evidences. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;166:108347.AbdiAJalilianMSarbarzehPAVlaisavljevicZDiabetes and COVID-19: A systematic review on the current evidences202016610834710.1016/j.diabres.2020.108347Search in Google Scholar
Varikasuvu SR, Dutt N, Thangappazham B, Varshney S. Diabetes and COVID-19: A pooled analysis related to disease severity and mortality. Prim Care Diabetes. 2020;S1751-9918(20)30251-5.VarikasuvuSRDuttNThangappazhamBVarshneyS2020S1751-9918(20)30251-5Search in Google Scholar
Orioli L, Hermans MP, Thissen JP, Maiter D, Vandeleene B, Yombi JC. COVID-19 in diabetic patients: Related risks and specifics of management. Annales d’Endocrinologie. 2020;81(2-3):101109.OrioliLHermansMPThissenJPMaiterDVandeleeneBYombiJCCOVID-19 in diabetic patients: Related risks and specifics of management2020812-310110910.1016/j.ando.2020.05.001Search in Google Scholar
Apicella M, Campopiano MC, Mantuano M, Mazoni L, Coppelli A, del Prato S. COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 2020;8(9):782-792.ApicellaMCampopianoMCMantuanoMMazoniLCoppelliAdelPrato SCOVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes20208978279210.1016/S2213-8587(20)30238-2Search in Google Scholar
Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020;75(7):1730-174ZhangJJDongXCaoYYet alClinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China2020757173017410.1111/all.1423832077115Search in Google Scholar
Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, et al. diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 31]. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;e3319.GuoWLiMDongYet aldiabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 31]2020e3319Search in Google Scholar
Singh AK, Gupta R, Ghosh A, Misra A. Diabetes in COVID-19: Prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):303-310.SinghAKGuptaRGhoshAMisraADiabetes in COVID-19: Prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations202014430331010.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.004Search in Google Scholar
Stentz FB, Umpierrez GE, Cuervo R, Kitabchi AE. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises. Diabetes. 2004;53(8):2079-2086.StentzFBUmpierrezGECuervoRKitabchiAEPro-inflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises20045382079208610.2337/diabetes.53.8.2079Search in Google Scholar
Wang ZH, Kihl-Selstam E, Eriksson JW. Ketoacidosis occurs in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes--a population-based study from Northern Sweden. Diabet Med. 2008;25(7):867-870.WangZHKihl-SelstamEErikssonJWKetoacidosis occurs in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes--a population-based study from Northern Sweden200825786787010.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02461.xSearch in Google Scholar
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):10541062.ZhouFYuTDuRet alClinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study2020395102291054106210.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3Search in Google Scholar
Croft A, Bucca A, Jansen JH, et al. First-time Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Type 2 Diabetics With Covid-19 Infection: A Novel Case Series. J Emerg Med. 2020;S0736-4679(20)30699-5.CroftABuccaAJansenJHet alFirst-time Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Type 2 Diabetics With Covid-19 Infection: A Novel Case Series2020S0736-4679(20)30699-510.1016/j.jemermed.2020.07.017Search in Google Scholar
Pal R, Banerjee M, Yadav U, Bhattacharjee S. Clinical profile and outcomes in COVID-19 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: A systematic review of the literature. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews. 2020;14(6):15631569.PalRBanerjeeMYadavUBhattacharjeeSClinical profile and outcomes in COVID-19 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: A systematic review of the literature20201461563156910.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.015Search in Google Scholar
Umpierrez GE, Kitabchi AE. Diabetic ketoacidosis: risk factors and management strategies. Treat Endocrinol. 2003;2(2):95108.UmpierrezGEKitabchiAEDiabetic ketoacidosis: risk factors and management strategies2003229510810.2165/00024677-200302020-00003Search in Google Scholar
Ehrmann D, Kulzer B, Roos T, Haak T, Al-Khatib M, Hermanns N. Risk factors and prevention strategies for diabetic ketoacidosis in people with established Type 1 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(5):436-446.EhrmannDKulzerBRoosTHaakTAl-KhatibMHermannsNRisk factors and prevention strategies for diabetic ketoacidosis in people with established Type 1 diabetes20208543644610.1016/S2213-8587(20)30042-5Search in Google Scholar
Klein SL, Dhakal S, Ursin RL, Deshpande S, Sandberg K, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Biological sex impacts COVID-19 outcomes. PLoS Pathog. 2020;16(6):e1008570.KleinSLDhakalSUrsinRLDeshpandeSSandbergKMauvais-JarvisFBiological sex impacts COVID-19 outcomes2020166e100857010.1371/journal.ppat.1008570730772532569293Search in Google Scholar
Goldman N, Fink D, Cai J, Lee YN, Davies Z. High prevalence of COVID-19-associated diabetic ketoacidosis in UK secondary care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;166:108291.GoldmanNFinkDCaiJLeeYNDaviesZHigh prevalence of COVID-19-associated diabetic ketoacidosis in UK secondary care202016610829110.1016/j.diabres.2020.108291732368032615280Search in Google Scholar
Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Zuo X, Zhang H, Deng A. COVID-19 infection may cause ketosis and ketoacidosis. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2020;22(10):1935-1941.LiJWangXChenJZuoXZhangHDengACOVID-19 infection may cause ketosis and ketoacidosis202022101935194110.1111/dom.14057726468132314455Search in Google Scholar
Umpierrez G, Korytkowski M. Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(4):222-232.UmpierrezGKorytkowskiMDiabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia201612422223210.1038/nrendo.2016.1526893262Search in Google Scholar
Dhatariya K. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar crisis in adults. Medicine. 2014;42(12):723-726.DhatariyaKDiabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar crisis in adults2014421272372610.1016/j.mpmed.2014.09.012Search in Google Scholar
Chan KH, Thimmareddygari D, Ramahi A, Atallah L, Baranetsky NG, Slim J. Clinical characteristics and outcome in patients with combined diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state associated with COVID-19: A retrospective, hospital-based observational case series. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;166:108279.ChanKHThimmareddygariDRamahiAAtallahLBaranetskyNGSlimJClinical characteristics and outcome in patients with combined diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state associated with COVID-19: A retrospective, hospital-based observational case series202016610827910.1016/j.diabres.2020.108279731468532592843Search in Google Scholar
Mackay IM, Arden KE. MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission. Virol J. 2015;12:222.MackayIMArdenKEMERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission20151222210.1186/s12985-015-0439-5468737326695637Search in Google Scholar
Shi X, Gong E, Gao D, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus is detected in intestinal tissues of fatal cases. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(1):169-176.ShiXGongEGaoDet alSevere acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus is detected in intestinal tissues of fatal cases2005100116917610.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40377.x15654797Search in Google Scholar
Alqahtani FY, Aleanizy FS, Ali El Hadi Mohamed R, et al. prevalence of comorbidities in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus cases: a retrospective study. Epidemiol Infect. 2018;147:1-5.AlqahtaniFYAleanizyFSAliEl Hadi Mohamed Ret alprevalence of comorbidities in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus cases: a retrospective study20181471510.1017/S0950268818002923651860330394248Search in Google Scholar
Kulcsar KA, Coleman CM, Beck SE, Frieman MB. Comorbid diabetes results in immune dysregulation and enhanced disease severity following MERS-CoV infection. JCI Insight. 2019;4(20):e131774.KulcsarKAColemanCMBeckSEFriemanMBComorbid diabetes results in immune dysregulation and enhanced disease severity following MERS-CoV infection2019420e13177410.1172/jci.insight.131774682444331550243Search in Google Scholar
Hofmann H, Pyrc K, van der Hoek L, Geier M, Berkhout B, Pöhlmann S. Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 2005;102(22):7988-7993.HofmannHPyrcKvander Hoek LGeierMBerkhoutBPöhlmannSHuman coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry2005102227988799310.1073/pnas.0409465102114235815897467Search in Google Scholar
Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47(3):193-199.YangJKLinSSJiXJGuoLMBinding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes201047319319910.1007/s00592-009-0109-4708816419333547Search in Google Scholar
Carlsson PO, Berne C, Jansson L. Angiotensin II and the endocrine pancreas: effects on islet blood flow and insulin secretion in rats. Diabetologia. 1998;41(2):127-133.CarlssonPOBerneCJanssonLAngiotensin II and the endocrine pancreas: effects on islet blood flow and insulin secretion in rats199841212713310.1007/s0012500508809498644Search in Google Scholar
Pal R, Bhadada SK. COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: an unholy interaction of two pandemics. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020;14:513e7PalRBhadadaSKCOVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: an unholy interaction of two pandemics202014513e710.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.049720283732388331Search in Google Scholar
Palermo NE, Sadhu AR, McDonnell ME. Diabetic Ketoacidosis in COVID-19: Unique Concerns and Considerations. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2020;105(8):1-11.PalermoNESadhuARMcDonnellMEDiabetic Ketoacidosis in COVID-19: Unique Concerns and Considerations2020105811110.1210/clinem/dgaa360733786932556147Search in Google Scholar
Chen X, Zhao B, Qu Y, et al. Detectable Serum Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Viral Load (RNAemia) Is Closely Correlated With Drastically Elevated Interleukin 6 Level in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(8):1937-1942.ChenXZhaoBQuYet alDetectable Serum Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Viral Load (RNAemia) Is Closely Correlated With Drastically Elevated Interleukin 6 Level in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 201920207181937194210.1093/cid/ciaa449718435432301997Search in Google Scholar
Azamfirei L, Gurzu S, Solomon R, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor: a possible mediator of endothelial activation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Minerva Anestesiol. 2010;76(8):609-616.AzamfireiLGurzuSSolomonRet alVascular endothelial growth factor: a possible mediator of endothelial activation in acute respiratory distress syndrome2010768609616Search in Google Scholar
Dietz W, Santos-Burgoa C. Obesity and its Implications for COVID-19 Mortality. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(6):1005.DietzWSantos-BurgoaCObesity and its Implications for COVID-19 Mortality2020286100510.1002/oby.2281832237206Search in Google Scholar
Tilinca M., Barabas-Hajdu E., Ferencz G., Nemes-Nagy E. Involvement of inflammatory cytokines in obesity and its complications, Revista Romana de Medicina de Laborator. 2018;26(3):359-372.TilincaM.Barabas-HajduE.FerenczG.Nemes-NagyEInvolvement of inflammatory cytokines in obesity and its complications201826335937210.2478/rrlm-2018-0019Search in Google Scholar
Tilinca M, Pal S, Preg Z, Barabas-Hajdu E, Tilinca R, German-Sallo M, Nemes-Nagy E. The relationship of metabolic and endocrine parameters with associated diseases in diabetes mellitus. Rev Chim. 2018;69(5):1288-1291.TilincaMPalSPregZBarabas-HajduETilincaRGerman-SalloMNemes-NagyEThe relationship of metabolic and endocrine parameters with associated diseases in diabetes mellitus20186951288129110.37358/RC.18.5.6311Search in Google Scholar
Nicola P, Ardeleanu E, Gadau C, et al. Evaluation of Biochemical and Clinical Parameters of Hypertension with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Revista de Chimie. 2018;1(9):2402-2406.NicolaPArdeleanuEGadauCet alEvaluation of Biochemical and Clinical Parameters of Hypertension with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus2018192402240610.37358/RC.18.9.6542Search in Google Scholar
Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(5):259-260.ZhengYYMaYTZhangJYXieXCOVID-19 and the cardiovascular system202017525926010.1038/s41569-020-0360-5709552432139904Search in Google Scholar
Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, et al. prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(5):531-538.LiBYangJZhaoFet alprevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China2020109553153810.1007/s00392-020-01626-9708793532161990Search in Google Scholar
Evans K. Diabetic ketoacidosis: Update on management. Clinical Medicine, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 2019;19(5):396-398.EvansKDiabetic ketoacidosis: Update on management201919539639810.7861/clinmed.2019-0284677134231530688Search in Google Scholar
Misra S, Oliver NS. Utility of ketone measurement in the prevention, diagnosis and management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabet Med. 2015;32(1):14-23.MisraSOliverNSUtility of ketone measurement in the prevention, diagnosis and management of diabetic ketoacidosis2015321142310.1111/dme.12604Search in Google Scholar
Andrade-Castellanos CA, Colunga-Lozano LE, Delgado-Figueroa N, Gonzalez-Padilla DA. Subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin analogues for diabetic ketoacidosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(1):CD011281.Andrade-CastellanosCAColunga-LozanoLEDelgado-FigueroaNGonzalez-PadillaDASubcutaneous rapid-acting insulin analogues for diabetic ketoacidosis20161CD01128110.1002/14651858.CD011281Search in Google Scholar
Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1335-1343.KitabchiAEUmpierrezGEMilesJMFisherJNHyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes20093271335134310.2337/dc09-9032Search in Google Scholar
Korytkowski M, Antinori-Lent K, Drincic A, et al. A Pragmatic Approach to Inpatient Diabetes Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(9):dgaa342.KorytkowskiMAntinori-LentKDrincicAet alA Pragmatic Approach to Inpatient Diabetes Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic20201059dgaa34210.1210/clinem/dgaa342Search in Google Scholar
Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(6):1119-1131.MoghissiESKorytkowskiMTDiNardoMet alAmerican Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control20093261119113110.2337/dc09-9029Search in Google Scholar
Chen D, Li X, Song Q, et al. Assessment of Hypokalemia and Clinical Characteristics in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wenzhou, China. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e2011122.ChenDLiXSongQet alAssessment of Hypokalemia and Clinical Characteristics in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wenzhou, China202036e201112210.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.11122Search in Google Scholar
Ditzel J, Lervang HH. Disturbance of inorganic phosphate metabolism in diabetes mellitus: clinical manifestations of phosphorus-depletion syndrome during recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2010;3:319-324.DitzelJLervangHHDisturbance of inorganic phosphate metabolism in diabetes mellitus: clinical manifestations of phosphorus-depletion syndrome during recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis2010331932410.2147/DMSO.S13476Search in Google Scholar
Iba T, Levy JH, Connors JM, Warkentin TE, Thachil J, Levi M. The unique characteristics of COVID-19 coagulopathy. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):360.IbaTLevyJHConnorsJMWarkentinTEThachilJLeviMThe unique characteristics of COVID-19 coagulopathy202024136010.1186/s13054-020-03077-0Search in Google Scholar
The Lancet Haematology. COVID-19 coagulopathy: an evolving story. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(6):e425.The Lancet HaematologyCOVID-19 coagulopathy: an evolving story202076e42510.1016/S2352-3026(20)30151-4Search in Google Scholar
Thibault, R., Seguin, P., Tamion, F. et al. Nutrition of the COVID-19 patient in the intensive care unit (ICU): a practical guidance.Crit Care 2020; 24, 447ThibaultR.SeguinP.TamionF.et alNutrition of the COVID-19 patient in the intensive care unit (ICU): a practical guidance20202444710.1186/s13054-020-03159-z736944232684170Search in Google Scholar
Shang Y, Pan C, Yang X, et al. management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: a statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):73.ShangYPanCYangXet almanagement of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: a statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China20201017310.1186/s13613-020-00689-1727565732506258Search in Google Scholar
Rayman G, Lumb A, Kennon B, et al. Guidance on the management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the exceptional circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabet Med. 2020;37(7):1214-1216.RaymanGLumbAKennonBet alGuidance on the management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the exceptional circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic20203771214121610.1111/dme.14328727674332421882Search in Google Scholar
Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, et al. management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(1):131-153.KitabchiAEUmpierrezGEMurphyMBet almanagement of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes200124113115310.2337/diacare.24.1.13111194218Search in Google Scholar
Poston JT, Patel BK, Davis AM. Management of Critically Ill Adults With COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1839-1841.PostonJTPatelBKDavisAMManagement of Critically Ill Adults With COVID-192020323181839184110.1001/jama.2020.491432215647Search in Google Scholar
Wilcox SR. Management of respiratory failure due to covid-19. BMJ. 2020;369:m1786.WilcoxSRManagement of respiratory failure due to covid-192020369m178610.1136/bmj.m178632366375Search in Google Scholar
Alhazzani W, Møller MH, Arabi YM, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Med. 2020:1-34.AlhazzaniWMøllerMHArabiYMet alSurviving sepsis campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)2020134Search in Google Scholar