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Health Status of Honeybee Colonies Differing in Genetic Intra-Colonial Diversity

Dariusz Gerula
Dariusz Gerula
   | 30. Juni 2023
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Article Category: Original Article
Online veröffentlicht: 30. Juni 2023
Seitenbereich: 15 - 26
Eingereicht: 02. Dez. 2022
Akzeptiert: 22. März 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jas-2023-0002
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© 2023 Dariusz Gerula, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

Number of Varroa mites found after treatment on the bottom boards in particular years and apiaries. Means among seasons indicated with different letters differed significantly from each other (P<0.05).
Number of Varroa mites found after treatment on the bottom boards in particular years and apiaries. Means among seasons indicated with different letters differed significantly from each other (P<0.05).

Fig. 2.

Number of healthy colonies (0) and infected with Vairimorpha spp. (scale 1-3) in the different experimental groups, n.s. - not significant.
Number of healthy colonies (0) and infected with Vairimorpha spp. (scale 1-3) in the different experimental groups, n.s. - not significant.

Fig. 3.

Number of healthy colonies and those infected with Vairimorpha spp. and then recovered changes during the experimental period in each experimental group colonies, n.s. - not significant.
Number of healthy colonies and those infected with Vairimorpha spp. and then recovered changes during the experimental period in each experimental group colonies, n.s. - not significant.

Fig. 4.

Number of healthy colonies and infected with ABPV and DWV in the different experimental groups, n.s. - not significant
Number of healthy colonies and infected with ABPV and DWV in the different experimental groups, n.s. - not significant

Distribution of healthy colonies and those infected with Vairimorpha spp. from each experimental group

Groups* Years of research Number of healthy colonies (0), and infected with Vairimorpha spp. spores expressed in a scale of (1–3)
N 0 1 2 3
SCS 2010 89 28 2 1 8
MCS 27 5 4 14
SCS 2011 68 18 1 3 10
MCS 23 6 1 6
SCS 2012 25 1 1 2 7
MCS 4 2 1 7
Total 182 101 17 12 52

Distribution of viruses in bee samples taken in autumn from colonies in each experimental group in 2010 and 2011

Groups * Years of research Number of healthy colonies (0), and infected by viruses
N 0 ABPV DWV ABPV + DWV
SCS 2010 71 21 9 2 0
MCS 24 14 1 0
SCS 2011 45 13 1 5 1
MCS 19 0 7 0
Total 116 77 24 15 1

Number of dead bees with winter debris and nest adjustment in spring 2010 and 2011 in bee colonies according to Varroa infestation level expressed on a scale of 1–3

Varroa infestation (1–3) N Mean number of dead bees with winter debris* Change in the size of the nest in the spring (%)
Mean** Median Range
1 23 1359 a −14.2 a −7.1 −50 – 0
2 33 1188 a −11.0 a 0 −40 – 0
3 38 1356 a −11.4 a −14.3 −50 – 33
Total 95 1288 −11.8 −14.2 −50 – 33

The number of Varroa mites found on the bottom boards after late summer-autumn treatments in each experimental group in 2010 and 2011. The SCS group was divided according to the origin of the paternal colonies

Groups* Number of Varroa mites
N Min Max Mean** SD
SCS-M 23 27 1806 337 a 388.5
SCS-N 12 16 941 378 a 289.4
SCS-G 19 43 922 354 a 240.4
MCS 68 17 1975 456 a 364.6

Distribution of healthy colonies from each experimental group and those infected with Vairimorpha spp.

Healthy colonies (0), infected expressed in a scale of (1–3) Indicators overwintering of healthy colonies and infected by Vairimorpha spp. spores
N Mean number of dead bees in winter debris* Change in the size of the nest in the spring (%)
Mean** Median
0 101 1188 a −9.7 a 0.0
1 17 1161 a −12.5 a −15.4
2 12 1208 a −16.6 a −16.6
3 52 1140 a −14.1 a −16.6
Total 182 1174 −11.6 −14.2

Number of Varroa mites found on the bottom boards after late summer-autumn treatments in each experimental group in 2010 and 2011

Groups* Apiary Years of research Number of Varroa mites
N Min Max Mean** SD
SCS Both apiaries Years together 54 16 1806 352 a 316.1
MCS 68 17 1975 456 b 364.6
Both groups Apiary (W) Years together 70 16 1975 372 a 346.4
Apiary (S) 52 121 1806 412 b 343.3
Both groups Both apiaries 2010 72 16 1806 455 b 335.5
2011 50 27 1975 345 a 355.2
Total 16 1975 410 346.4

Number of Varroa mites before winter and some indicators of overwintering of healthy colonies and those infected by viruses

Viral presence N Number of Varroa mites before winter* Mean number of dead bees in winter debris* Change in the size of the nest in the spring (%)
Mean** Median
Healthy 75 420 a 1251 a −11.2 a −14.0
ABPV 23 485 a 1035 a −7.7 a 0.0
DWV 13 417 a 2047 b −31.1 b −33.3
ABPV + DWV*** 1 321 2621 −16.6 −16.6
Total 112 432 1288 −12.7 −14.2
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