Gender gaps in education: The long view¹

Akresh, Richard; Daniel Halim; Marieke Kleemans (2018): Long-term and Intergenerational Effects of Education: Evidence from School Construction in Indonesia. NBER Working Paper No. 25265. AkreshRichard HalimDaniel KleemansMarieke 2018 Long-term and Intergenerational Effects of Education: Evidence from School Construction in Indonesia NBER Working Paper No. 25265. 10.3386/w25265 Search in Google Scholar

Ashraf, Nava; Natalie Bau; Corinne Low; Kathleen McGinn (2020): Negotiating a Better Future: How Interpersonal Skills Facilitate Intergenerational Investment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 135(2), 1095–1151. AshrafNava BauNatalie LowCorinne McGinnKathleen 2020 Negotiating a Better Future: How Interpersonal Skills Facilitate Intergenerational Investment The Quarterly Journal of Economics 135 2 1095 1151 10.1093/qje/qjz039 Search in Google Scholar

Azam, Mehtabul; Luyi Han (2019): Accounting for Differences in Female Labor Force Participation between China and India. IZA DP No. 12681. AzamMehtabul HanLuyi 2019 Accounting for Differences in Female Labor Force Participation between China and India IZA DP No. 12681. 10.2139/ssrn.3448955 Search in Google Scholar

Barro, Robert J.; Jong Wha Lee (2013): A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics 104, 184–198. BarroRobert J. LeeJong Wha 2013 A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010 Journal of Development Economics 104 184 198 10.3386/w15902 Search in Google Scholar

Baten, Jorgen; Michiel de Haas; Elisabeth Kempter; Felix Meier zu Selhausen (2020): Educational Gender Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Long-term Perspective. African Economic History Working Paper 54/2020. BatenJorgen de HaasMichiel KempterElisabeth zu SelhausenFelix Meier 2020 Educational Gender Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Long-term Perspective African Economic History Working Paper 54/2020. Search in Google Scholar

Bertocchi, Graziella; Monica Bozzano (2019): Gender Gaps in Education. IZA Discussion Paper 12724. BertocchiGraziella BozzanoMonica 2019 Gender Gaps in Education IZA Discussion Paper 12724. 10.2139/ssrn.3483962 Search in Google Scholar

Bhargava, Smriti (2018): Why Did Indian Female Labor Force Participation Decline? Evidence from a Model of Household Labor Supply. BhargavaSmriti 2018 Why Did Indian Female Labor Force Participation Decline? Evidence from a Model of Household Labor Supply 10.2139/ssrn.3275785 Search in Google Scholar

Bossavie, Laurent; Ohto Kanninen (2018): What Explains the Gender Gap Reversal in Educational Attainment? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8303. BossavieLaurent KanninenOhto 2018 What Explains the Gender Gap Reversal in Educational Attainment? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8303. 10.1596/1813-9450-8303 Search in Google Scholar

Brudevold-Newman, Andrew (2019): The Impacts of Lowering the Cost of Secondary Education: Evidence from a Fee Reduction in Kenya. Working Paper. Available from: https://econ.andrewbrudevold.com/research Brudevold-NewmanAndrew 2019 The Impacts of Lowering the Cost of Secondary Education: Evidence from a Fee Reduction in Kenya Working Paper. Available from: https://econ.andrewbrudevold.com/research Search in Google Scholar

Buvinic, Mayra; Megan O’Donnell (2019): Gender Matters in Economic Empowerment Interventions: A Research Review? Word Bank Research Observer 34(2), 309–346. BuvinicMayra O’DonnellMegan 2019 Gender Matters in Economic Empowerment Interventions: A Research Review? Word Bank Research Observer 34 2 309 346 10.2139/ssrn.2995600 Search in Google Scholar

Cameron, Lisa A.; J. Malcolm Dowling; Christopher Worswick (2001): Education and Labor Market Participation of Women in Asia: Evidence from Five Countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change 49, 459–477. CameronLisa A. DowlingJ. Malcolm WorswickChristopher 2001 Education and Labor Market Participation of Women in Asia: Evidence from Five Countries Economic Development and Cultural Change 49 459 477 10.1086/452511 Search in Google Scholar

Colclough, Christopher; Pauline Rose; Mercy Tembon (2000): Gender Inequalities in Primary Schooling: The Roles of Poverty and Adverse Cultural Practice. International Journal of Educational Development 20, 5–27. ColcloughChristopher RosePauline TembonMercy 2000 Gender Inequalities in Primary Schooling: The Roles of Poverty and Adverse Cultural Practice International Journal of Educational Development 20 5 27 10.1016/S0738-0593(99)00046-2 Search in Google Scholar

Duflo, Esther (2001): Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of School Construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an Unusual Policy Experiment. American Economic Review 91(4), 795–813. DufloEsther 2001 Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of School Construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an Unusual Policy Experiment American Economic Review 91 4 795 813 10.3386/w7860 Search in Google Scholar

Duflo, Esther (2012): Women Empowerment and Economic Development, Journal of Economic Literature 50(4), 1051–1079. DufloEsther 2012 Women Empowerment and Economic Development Journal of Economic Literature 50 4 1051 1079 10.1257/jel.50.4.1051 Search in Google Scholar

Duflo, Esther; Pascaline Dupas; Michael Kremer (2019): The Impact of Free Secondary Education: Experimental Evidence from Ghana. Working Paper. Available from: https://web.stanford.edu/~pdupas/DDK_GhanaScholarships.pdf DufloEsther DupasPascaline KremerMichael 2019 The Impact of Free Secondary Education: Experimental Evidence from Ghana Working Paper. Available from: https://web.stanford.edu/~pdupas/DDK_GhanaScholarships.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Eloundou-Enyegue, Parfait M.; Fouad Makki; Sarah C. Giroux (2009): Sex Versus SES: A Declining Significance of Gender for Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa? Gender, Equality and Education from International and Comparative Perspectives 10, 1–37. Eloundou-EnyegueParfait M. MakkiFouad GirouxSarah C. 2009 Sex Versus SES: A Declining Significance of Gender for Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa? Gender, Equality and Education from International and Comparative Perspectives 10 1 37 10.1108/S1479-3679(2009)0000010004 Search in Google Scholar

Evans, Alice (2019): How Cities Erode Gender Inequality: A New Theory and Evidence from Cambodia. Gender and Society 33(6), 961–984. EvansAlice 2019 How Cities Erode Gender Inequality: A New Theory and Evidence from Cambodia Gender and Society 33 6 961 984 10.1177/0891243219865510 Search in Google Scholar

Evans, David K.; Fei Yuan (2019): What We Learn about Girls’ Education from Interventions that Do Not Focus on Girls. CGD Working Paper. EvansDavid K. YuanFei 2019 What We Learn about Girls’ Education from Interventions that Do Not Focus on Girls CGD Working Paper. 10.1596/1813-9450-8944 Search in Google Scholar

Filmer, Deon (2018): Education Attainment and Enrollment around the World: An International Database. https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/brief/edattain. FilmerDeon 2018 Education Attainment and Enrollment around the World: An International Database https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/brief/edattain. Search in Google Scholar

Hallward-Driemeier, Mary; Tazeen Hasan; Anca Bogdana Rusu (2014): Women's Legal Rights over 50 Years: What Is the Impact of Reform? Policy Research Working Paper 6617, World Bank, Washington, DC. Hallward-DriemeierMary HasanTazeen RusuAnca Bogdana 2014 Women's Legal Rights over 50 Years: What Is the Impact of Reform? Policy Research Working Paper 6617, World Bank Washington, DC 10.1596/1813-9450-6617 Search in Google Scholar

Hanushek, Eric A.; LudgerWoessmann (2012): Do Better Schools Lead to More Growth? Cognitive Skills, Economic Outcomes, and Causation. Journal of Economic Growth 17, 267–321. HanushekEric A. WoessmannLudger 2012 Do Better Schools Lead to More Growth? Cognitive Skills, Economic Outcomes, and Causation Journal of Economic Growth 17 267 321 10.3386/w14633 Search in Google Scholar

Heath, Rachel; Seema Jayachandran (2017): The Causes and Consequences of Increased Female Education and Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries, in: Averett, Susan L.; Laura M. Argys; Saul D. Hoffman (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. HeathRachel JayachandranSeema 2017 The Causes and Consequences of Increased Female Education and Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries in: AverettSusan L. ArgysLaura M. HoffmanSaul D. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy Oxford Oxford University Press 10.3386/w22766 Search in Google Scholar

Herz, Babara; Gene B. Sperling (2004): What Works in Girls’ Education: Evidence and Policies from the Developing World, Council on Foreign Relations. The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC. Available from: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/What-Works-in-Girls-Educationlowres.pdf HerzBabara SperlingGene B. 2004 What Works in Girls’ Education: Evidence and Policies from the Developing World, Council on Foreign Relations The Brookings Institution Washington, DC Available from: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/What-Works-in-Girls-Educationlowres.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Kaffenberger, Michelle; Lant Pritchett; Justin Sandefur (2018): Estimating the Impact of Women's Education on Fertility, Child Mortality, and Empowerment When Schooling Ain’t Learning. RISE Working Paper. KaffenbergerMichelle PritchettLant SandefurJustin 2018 Estimating the Impact of Women's Education on Fertility, Child Mortality, and Empowerment When Schooling Ain’t Learning RISE Working Paper. Search in Google Scholar

Klasen, Stephan (2019): What Explains Uneven Female Labor Force Participation Levels and Trends in Developing Countries? Word Bank Research Observer 34(2), 161–197. KlasenStephan 2019 What Explains Uneven Female Labor Force Participation Levels and Trends in Developing Countries? Word Bank Research Observer 34 2 161 197 10.1093/wbro/lkz005 Search in Google Scholar

Lucas, Adrienne M.; Isaac M Mbiti (2012): Does Free Primary Education Narrow Gender Differences in Schooling? Evidence from Kenya. Journal of African Economies 21(5), 691–722. LucasAdrienne M. MbitiIsaac M 2012 Does Free Primary Education Narrow Gender Differences in Schooling? Evidence from Kenya Journal of African Economies 21 5 691 722 10.1093/jae/ejs021 Search in Google Scholar

Mazumder, Bhash; Maria Rosales-Rueda; Maggie Triyana (2019): Intergenerational Human Capital Spillovers: Indonesia's School Construction and Its Effects on the Next Generation. American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 109, 243–249. MazumderBhash Rosales-RuedaMaria TriyanaMaggie 2019 Intergenerational Human Capital Spillovers: Indonesia's School Construction and Its Effects on the Next Generation American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 109 243 249 10.1257/pandp.20191059 Search in Google Scholar

Mensch, Barbara S.; Erica K. Chuang; Andrea J. Melnikas; Stephanie R. Psaki (2019): Evidence for Causal Links Between Education and Maternal and Child Health: Systematic Review. Tropical Medicine and International Health 24, 504–522. MenschBarbara S. ChuangErica K. MelnikasAndrea J. PsakiStephanie R. 2019 Evidence for Causal Links Between Education and Maternal and Child Health: Systematic Review Tropical Medicine and International Health 24 504 522 10.1111/tmi.13218 Search in Google Scholar

Minerva, Lindsey (2012): Educate a Girl, Change the World. Technical Report 2012. MinervaLindsey 2012 Educate a Girl, Change the World Technical Report 2012 Search in Google Scholar

Murphy-Grahan, Erin; Cynthia Lloyd (2016): Empowering Adolescent Girls in Developing Countries: The Potential Role of Education. Policy Futures in Education 14, 556–577. Murphy-GrahanErin LloydCynthia 2016 Empowering Adolescent Girls in Developing Countries: The Potential Role of Education Policy Futures in Education 14 556 577 10.1177/1478210315610257 Search in Google Scholar

Osili, Una Okonkwo; Bridget Terry Long (2008): Does Female Schooling Reduce Fertility? Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Development Economics 87, 57–75. OsiliUna Okonkwo LongBridget Terry 2008 Does Female Schooling Reduce Fertility? Evidence from Nigeria Journal of Development Economics 87 57 75 10.3386/w13070 Search in Google Scholar

Oye, Mari; Lant Pritchett; Justin Sandefur (2016): Girls’ Schooling is Good, Girls’ Schooling with Learning is Better. Background Paper, The Education Commission. OyeMari PritchettLant SandefurJustin 2016 Girls’ Schooling is Good, Girls’ Schooling with Learning is Better Background Paper, The Education Commission Search in Google Scholar

Pritchett, Lant (2013): The Rebirth of Education: Schooling Ain’t Learning. Center for Global Development, Washington, DC. Available from: https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/rebirth-education-introduction_0.pdf PritchettLant 2013 The Rebirth of Education: Schooling Ain’t Learning Center for Global Development Washington, DC Available from: https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/rebirth-education-introduction_0.pdf Search in Google Scholar

Psacharopoulos, George; Zafiris Tzannatos (1989): Female Labor Force Participation: An International Perspective. World Bank Research Observer 4(2), 187–201. PsacharopoulosGeorge TzannatosZafiris 1989 Female Labor Force Participation: An International Perspective World Bank Research Observer 4 2 187 201 10.1093/wbro/4.2.187 Search in Google Scholar

Psaki, Stephanie; Katharine McCarthy; Barbara Mensch (2018): Measuring Gender Equality in Education: Lessons from Trends in 43 Countries. Population and Development Review 44(1), 117–142. PsakiStephanie McCarthyKatharine MenschBarbara 2018 Measuring Gender Equality in Education: Lessons from Trends in 43 Countries Population and Development Review 44 1 117 142 10.1111/padr.12121 Search in Google Scholar

Psaki, Stephanie R.; Erika K. Chuang; J. Melnikas Andrea; David B. Wilson; Barbara S. Mensch (2019): Causal Effects of Education on Sexual and Reproductive Health in Low and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SSM - Population Health 8. PsakiStephanie R. ChuangErika K. AndreaJ. Melnikas WilsonDavid B. MenschBarbara S. 2019 Causal Effects of Education on Sexual and Reproductive Health in Low and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis SSM - Population Health 8 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100386 Search in Google Scholar

Qureshi, Javaeria (2017): Additional Returns to Investing in Girls’ Education: Impact on Younger Sibling Human Capital. The Economic Journal 128(616), 3285–3319. QureshiJavaeria 2017 Additional Returns to Investing in Girls’ Education: Impact on Younger Sibling Human Capital The Economic Journal 128 616 3285 3319 10.1111/ecoj.12571 Search in Google Scholar

Sperling, Gene B.; Rebecca Winthrop (2015): What Works in Girls’ Education: Evidence for the World's Best Investment. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC. SperlingGene B. WinthropRebecca 2015 What Works in Girls’ Education: Evidence for the World's Best Investment Brookings Institution Press Washington, DC Search in Google Scholar

UNESCO (2019): New Methodology Shows that 258 Million Children, Adolescents and Youth Are Out of School. Fact Sheet No. 56. UIS/2019/ED/FS/56. UNESCO 2019 New Methodology Shows that 258 Million Children, Adolescents and Youth Are Out of School Fact Sheet No. 56. UIS/2019/ED/FS/56. Search in Google Scholar

United Nations (1948): Universal Declaration of Human Rights. United Nations 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Search in Google Scholar

World Bank (2018a): World Bank Invests US$3.2 Billion in Adolescent Girls’ Education in 2 Years. Press release. World Bank 2018a World Bank Invests US$3.2 Billion in Adolescent Girls’ Education in 2 Years Press release Search in Google Scholar

World Bank (2018b): World Development Report: Learning to Realize Education's Promise. World Bank 2018b World Development Report: Learning to Realize Education's Promise Search in Google Scholar

World Bank (2020): World Development Indicators. URL: https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?-source=world-development-indicators (accessed December 7, 2020). World Bank 2020 World Development Indicators URL: https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?-source=world-development-indicators (accessed December 7, 2020). Search in Google Scholar