2010–2012 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country grouping | Developing | Emerging | Developed | |||
Dependent variable | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan |
Female | −0.052*** | −0.015 | −0.043*** | −0.014** | −0.018** | −0.015 |
(0.007) | (0.011) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.013) | |
Married | −0.073*** | 0.010 | −0.056*** | −0.001 | −0.048*** | −0.028 |
(0.008) | (0.013) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.011) | (0.017) | |
Age (25–34) | −0.020** | 0.003 | −0.050*** | 0.019*** | −0.058*** | −0.005 |
(0.008) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.015) | |
Have kid(s) | 0.031*** | −0.003 | 0.013*** | −0.013* | −0.001 | −0.024 |
(0.010) | (0.014) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.015) | |
Urban | 0.075*** | 0.033** | 0.044*** | 0.036*** | 0.037*** | 0.014 |
(0.010) | (0.013) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.009) | (0.013) | |
Poor health | −0.008 | 0.024* | 0.008 | 0.015* | −0.022 | −0.005 |
(0.009) | (0.013) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.014) | (0.020) | |
Medium education | 0.069*** | 0.035*** | 0.044*** | 0.009 | 0.004 | −0.005 |
(0.008) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.014) | (0.020) | |
High education | 0.012 | 0.094*** | 0.053*** | 0.018 | 0.006 | 0.052** |
(0.026) | (0.029) | (0.008) | (0.011) | (0.017) | (0.024) | |
Lack of food/shelter | 0.014* | 0.004 | 0.013*** | 0.004 | 0.024* | 0.050*** |
(0.008) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.012) | (0.016) | |
Difficult living on present income | 0.012 | 0.001 | −0.005 | −0.026*** | 0.020* | 0.001 |
(0.008) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.012) | (0.016) | |
No improvement in living standards | −0.013 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.002 | 0.017 | 0.005 |
(0.010) | (0.014) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.012) | (0.014) | |
No opportunity to meet people | −0.006 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.034*** | −0.004 |
(0.008) | (0.011) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.011) | (0.014) | |
No help from friends/relatives | 0.021** | −0.007 | 0.023*** | 0.009 | −0.005 | −0.021 |
(0.009) | (0.013) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.020) | (0.026) | |
Discontent with local amenities | 0.130*** | 0.005 | 0.089*** | 0.006 | 0.143*** | 0.037** |
(0.008) | (0.011) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.012) | (0.015) | |
Discontent with education system | 0.016** | −0.014 | 0.013*** | 0.003 | 0.045*** | 0.004 |
(0.008) | (0.011) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.010) | (0.014) | |
No trust in national government | 0.046*** | −0.031*** | 0.048*** | 0.014** | 0.080*** | −0.037** |
(0.008) | (0.011) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.015) | |
Corruption in government | 0.051*** | 0.024 | 0.042*** | −0.008 | 0.043*** | −0.002 |
(0.010) | (0.016) | (0.006) | (0.009) | (0.012) | (0.018) | |
Worsening economy | 0.030*** | 0.012 | 0.035*** | 0.031*** | 0.042*** | 0.034** |
(0.009) | (0.013) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.014) | |
Bad time to find a job | 0.014* | −0.006 | 0.009* | −0.034*** | 0.003 | −0.011 |
(0.008) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.016) | |
No get ahead by working hard | 0.040*** | 0.012 | 0.029*** | 0.003 | 0.059*** | 0.021 |
(0.011) | (0.016) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.010) | (0.013) | |
Unemployed | 0.048*** | 0.027 | 0.027*** | 0.019** | 0.035** | 0.020 |
(0.012) | (0.017) | (0.006) | (0.009) | (0.015) | (0.019) | |
Out of workforce | 0.007 | −0.059*** | −0.005 | −0.032*** | −0.002 | −0.035** |
(0.008) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.016) | |
Observations | 21,828 | 7,272 | 63,594 | 18,224 | 15,290 | 3,413 |
2013–2016* | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country grouping: | Developing | Emerging | Developed | |||
Dependent variable: | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan |
Female | −0.050*** | 0.009 | −0.039*** | −0.020*** | −0.017** | −0.001 |
(0.006) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.011) | |
Married | −0.063*** | −0.038*** | −0.059*** | −0.013* | −0.062*** | −0.014 |
(0.007) | (0.013) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.009) | (0.014) | |
Age (25–34) | −0.042*** | 0.018 | −0.048*** | 0.009 | −0.063*** | 0.001 |
(0.007) | (0.013) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.009) | (0.013) | |
Have kid(s) | 0.017** | 0.001 | 0.011*** | −0.012* | −0.009 | −0.033*** |
(0.008) | (0.015) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.013) | |
Urban | 0.049*** | 0.027** | 0.039*** | 0.019*** | 0.049*** | 0.006 |
(0.008) | (0.013) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.012) | |
Poor health | −0.003 | 0.059*** | −0.015*** | 0.021** | 0.020 | 0.003 |
(0.008) | (0.014) | (0.006) | (0.010) | (0.013) | (0.019) | |
Medium education | 0.071*** | 0.037*** | 0.053*** | 0.017** | −0.002 | 0.034* |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.013) | (0.019) | |
High education | 0.065*** | 0.075*** | 0.078*** | 0.046*** | 0.004 | 0.080*** |
(0.017) | (0.028) | (0.007) | (0.011) | (0.015) | (0.021) | |
Lack of food/shelter | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.016*** | 0.015** | 0.049*** | 0.014 |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.013) | |
Difficult living on present income | 0.010 | −0.036*** | 0.005 | −0.029*** | 0.027*** | −0.005 |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.013) | |
No improvement in living standards | −0.006 | 0.005 | 0.012** | 0.003 | −0.004 | 0.029** |
(0.008) | (0.013) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.010) | (0.013) | |
No opportunity to meet people | 0.001 | 0.008 | −0.002 | 0.004 | 0.043*** | 0.000 |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.013) | |
No help from friends/relatives | 0.013* | 0.004 | 0.014*** | −0.012 | 0.006 | −0.005 |
(0.007) | (0.013) | (0.005) | (0.009) | (0.016) | (0.018) | |
Discontent with local amenities | 0.090*** | 0.018 | 0.095*** | 0.023*** | 0.137*** | 0.033*** |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.013) | |
Discontent with education system | 0.003 | −0.031** | 0.014*** | 0.006 | 0.040*** | 0.015 |
(0.006) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.012) | |
No trust in national government | 0.043*** | −0.005 | 0.054*** | 0.017** | 0.076*** | −0.006 |
(0.006) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.009) | (0.014) | |
Corruption in government | 0.049*** | −0.028* | 0.053*** | 0.006 | 0.047*** | −0.009 |
(0.008) | (0.016) | (0.005) | (0.009) | (0.010) | (0.015) | |
Worsening economy | 0.040*** | 0.034*** | 0.044*** | 0.013* | 0.038*** | 0.007 |
(0.007) | (0.013) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.009) | (0.012) | |
Bad time to find a job | 0.020*** | −0.029** | 0.023*** | −0.011 | 0.021** | 0.014 |
(0.006) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.013) | |
No get ahead by working hard | 0.052*** | 0.025 | 0.041*** | 0.032*** | 0.082*** | 0.035*** |
(0.009) | (0.015) | (0.005) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.012) | |
Unemployed | 0.038*** | 0.033* | 0.042*** | 0.013 | 0.040*** | 0.036** |
(0.010) | (0.017) | (0.006) | (0.009) | (0.013) | (0.016) | |
Out of workforce | −0.021*** | −0.033** | −0.006 | −0.033*** | 0.015* | −0.028** |
(0.007) | (0.013) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.009) | (0.014) | |
Observations | 30,933 | 7,869 | 77,442 | 18,759 | 19,715 | 4,134 |
Country grouping: | Developing | Emerging | Developed | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan |
Female | −0.058*** | −0.011 | −0.031*** | −0.022*** | −0.030*** | −0.011 |
(0.006) | (0.011) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.012) | |
Married | −0.062*** | −0.034*** | −0.049*** | −0.017** | −0.044*** | −0.039*** |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.014) | |
Age (25–34) | −0.032*** | 0.008 | −0.040*** | −0.005 | −0.055*** | −0.023* |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.013) | |
Have kid(s) | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.004 | −0.013* | −0.004 | −0.018 |
(0.008) | (0.014) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.013) | |
Urban | 0.061*** | 0.032** | 0.045*** | 0.039*** | 0.049*** | 0.017 |
(0.008) | (0.014) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.012) | |
Poor health | 0.007 | 0.037*** | 0.005 | 0.022** | −0.002 | 0.001 |
(0.008) | (0.013) | (0.006) | (0.009) | (0.012) | (0.019) | |
Medium education | 0.053*** | 0.051*** | 0.045*** | 0.015* | −0.015 | 0.017 |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.015) | (0.022) | |
High education | 0.021 | 0.097*** | 0.054*** | 0.039*** | 0.002 | 0.067*** |
(0.018) | (0.027) | (0.007) | (0.012) | (0.016) | (0.023) | |
Lack of food/shelter | 0.020*** | 0.012 | 0.022*** | 0.018** | 0.053*** | 0.030** |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.014) | |
Difficult living on present income | 0.009 | −0.015 | 0.009** | −0.023*** | 0.035*** | −0.003 |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.009) | (0.014) | |
No improvement in living standards | 0.002 | −0.003 | 0.016*** | 0.007 | −0.005 | 0.011 |
(0.008) | (0.013) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.009) | (0.014) | |
No opportunity to meet people | −0.002 | −0.013 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.041*** | −0.010 |
(0.007) | (0.011) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.009) | (0.013) | |
No help from friends/relatives | 0.016** | 0.011 | 0.011** | −0.002 | 0.009 | −0.023 |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.009) | (0.015) | (0.020) | |
Discontent with local amenities | 0.099*** | 0.016 | 0.095*** | 0.004 | 0.132*** | 0.012 |
(0.006) | (0.011) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.013) | |
Discontent with education system | 0.008 | −0.022* | 0.010** | 0.004 | 0.042*** | 0.015 |
(0.006) | (0.011) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.012) | |
No trust in national government | 0.056*** | −0.016 | 0.059*** | 0.016** | 0.068*** | −0.012 |
(0.006) | (0.011) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.014) | |
Corruption in government | 0.044*** | −0.016 | 0.046*** | −0.002 | 0.057*** | 0.014 |
(0.009) | (0.015) | (0.006) | (0.010) | (0.009) | (0.016) | |
Worsening economy | 0.028*** | 0.030** | 0.043*** | 0.021*** | 0.043*** | 0.027** |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.013) | |
Bad time to find a job | 0.023*** | −0.011 | 0.018*** | −0.029*** | 0.012 | −0.001 |
(0.006) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.013) | |
No get ahead by working hard | 0.059*** | 0.040*** | 0.047*** | 0.017* | 0.078*** | 0.035*** |
(0.009) | (0.015) | (0.006) | (0.009) | (0.008) | (0.012) | |
Involuntary part-time | 0.037*** | 0.030** | 0.035*** | 0.025*** | 0.042*** | 0.015 |
(0.007) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.011) | (0.016) | |
Self-employed | −0.023*** | −0.008 | −0.009** | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.017 |
(0.007) | (0.013) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.009) | (0.015) | |
Number of countries | 22 | 22 | 75 | 75 | 42 | 42 |
Observations | 30,833 | 8,419 | 70,786 | 17,747 | 21,987 | 4,271 |
Excluding Top 15 refugee-sending countries | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country grouping | Developing | Emerging | Top 15 refugeesending countries | |||
Dependent variable | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan |
Female | −0.049*** | −0.002 | −0.037*** | −0.015*** | −0.066*** | −0.019* |
(0.005) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.011) | |
Married | −0.066*** | −0.015 | −0.061*** | −0.007 | −0.050*** | −0.006 |
(0.006) | (0.011) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.012) | |
Age (25–34) | −0.027*** | 0.017* | −0.050*** | 0.011** | −0.048*** | 0.013 |
(0.006) | (0.010) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.012) | |
Have kid(s) | 0.028*** | 0.012 | 0.016*** | −0.014*** | −0.008 | −0.014 |
(0.007) | (0.011) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.013) | |
Urban | 0.052*** | 0.033*** | 0.040*** | 0.026*** | 0.055*** | 0.036*** |
(0.007) | (0.010) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.012) | |
Poor health | −0.001 | 0.036*** | −0.004 | 0.019*** | −0.002 | 0.033** |
(0.007) | (0.011) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.014) | |
Medium education | 0.071*** | 0.037*** | 0.045*** | 0.008 | 0.081*** | 0.043*** |
(0.006) | (0.009) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.013) | |
High education | 0.055*** | 0.072*** | 0.061*** | 0.028*** | 0.095*** | 0.073*** |
(0.019) | (0.025) | (0.006) | (0.009) | (0.013) | (0.021) | |
Lack of food/shelter | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.013*** | 0.010* | 0.020*** | 0.010 |
(0.006) | (0.010) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.011) | |
Difficult living on present income | 0.010* | −0.015 | −0.006* | −0.031*** | 0.031*** | −0.016 |
(0.006) | (0.010) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.011) | |
No improvement in living standards | −0.004 | 0.004 | 0.013*** | 0.002 | −0.009 | 0.008 |
(0.007) | (0.011) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.013) | |
No opportunity to meet people | −0.006 | 0.013 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.004 | −0.018 |
(0.006) | (0.009) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.011) | |
No help from friends/relatives | 0.012* | −0.008 | 0.021*** | 0.001 | 0.015** | 0.001 |
(0.006) | (0.010) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.013) | |
Discontent with local amenities | 0.102*** | 0.009 | 0.091*** | 0.015*** | 0.111*** | 0.012 |
(0.006) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.011) | |
Discontent with education system | 0.011** | −0.017* | 0.015*** | 0.003 | −0.002 | −0.006 |
(0.006) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.011) | |
No trust in national government | 0.048*** | −0.027*** | 0.053*** | 0.015*** | 0.041*** | 0.012 |
(0.006) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.011) | |
Corruption in government | 0.042*** | 0.009 | 0.048*** | −0.001 | 0.062*** | −0.033** |
(0.008) | (0.013) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.009) | (0.015) | |
Worsening economy | 0.038*** | 0.024** | 0.039*** | 0.020*** | 0.043*** | 0.031*** |
(0.006) | (0.010) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.012) | |
Bad time to find a job | 0.017*** | −0.006 | 0.017*** | −0.027*** | 0.019*** | −0.031*** |
(0.006) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.012) | |
No get ahead by working hard | 0.048*** | 0.016 | 0.037*** | 0.022*** | 0.036*** | 0.007 |
(0.008) | (0.013) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.009) | (0.014) | |
Unemployed | 0.044*** | 0.035** | 0.036*** | 0.019*** | 0.037*** | 0.000 |
(0.009) | (0.014) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.016) | |
Out of workforce | −0.007 | −0.042*** | −0.006* | −0.032*** | −0.005 | −0.052*** |
(0.006) | (0.010) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.012) | |
Number of countries | 15 | 15 | 67 | 67 | 15 | 15 |
Observations | 38,510 | 11,541 | 124,312 | 32,530 | 30,975 | 8,075 |
Country grouping | Developing | Emerging | Developed | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan |
Female | −0.046*** | −0.014 | −0.015*** | −0.024*** | −0.040*** | −0.025*** |
(0.006) | (0.017) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
Married | −0.022*** | −0.046** | −0.019*** | −0.030*** | −0.025*** | −0.018** |
(0.008) | (0.019) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
Age (35–39) | 0.102*** | −0.037 | 0.105*** | 0.038** | 0.089*** | 0.029* |
(0.014) | (0.038) | (0.007) | (0.018) | (0.009) | (0.017) | |
Age (40–44) | 0.060*** | −0.041 | 0.093*** | 0.031* | 0.073*** | 0.028 |
(0.014) | (0.039) | (0.007) | (0.018) | (0.008) | (0.017) | |
Age (45–49) | 0.054*** | −0.047 | 0.065*** | 0.018 | 0.063*** | 0.010 |
(0.014) | (0.040) | (0.007) | (0.019) | (0.008) | (0.017) | |
Age (50–54) | 0.018 | −0.066 | 0.048*** | 0.009 | 0.039*** | 0.005 |
(0.015) | (0.043) | (0.007) | (0.019) | (0.008) | (0.017) | |
Age (55–59) | 0.009 | −0.007 | 0.022*** | 0.005 | 0.020** | 0.005 |
(0.016) | (0.048) | (0.008) | (0.021) | (0.008) | (0.018) | |
Have kid(s) | 0.019** | 0.027 | 0.002 | −0.007 | 0.004 | −0.010 |
(0.009) | (0.023) | (0.003) | (0.008) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
Urban | 0.045*** | 0.033* | 0.034*** | 0.031*** | 0.023*** | 0.003 |
(0.008) | (0.019) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
Poor health | 0.014** | −0.003 | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.010* | 0.004 |
(0.006) | (0.018) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.005) | (0.009) | |
Medium education | 0.048*** | 0.020 | 0.033*** | 0.032*** | 0.017** | 0.004 |
(0.007) | (0.018) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.012) | |
High education | 0.004 | 0.041 | 0.047*** | 0.045*** | 0.030*** | 0.014 |
(0.015) | (0.032) | (0.005) | (0.011) | (0.008) | (0.013) | |
Lack of food/shelter | 0.013* | 0.001 | 0.026*** | 0.026*** | 0.036*** | 0.020** |
(0.007) | (0.017) | (0.003) | (0.008) | (0.005) | (0.008) | |
Difficult living on present income | 0.017** | −0.028 | 0.009*** | −0.014* | 0.019*** | 0.017** |
(0.007) | (0.018) | (0.003) | (0.008) | (0.005) | (0.007) | |
No improvement in living standards | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.027*** | −0.010 | 0.030*** | 0.011 |
(0.007) | (0.018) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.004) | (0.008) | |
No opportunity to meet people | −0.006 | 0.027 | 0.004 | −0.006 | 0.040*** | 0.003 |
(0.006) | (0.017) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.005) | (0.007) | |
No help from friends/relatives | −0.011 | 0.001 | −0.015*** | −0.004 | −0.030*** | −0.003 |
(0.007) | (0.017) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.006) | (0.009) | |
Discontent with local amenities | 0.078*** | −0.005 | 0.070*** | 0.019*** | 0.106*** | 0.014* |
(0.006) | (0.017) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.005) | (0.008) | |
Discontent with education system | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.026*** | −0.002 | 0.026*** | 0.009 |
(0.006) | (0.016) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
No trust in national government | 0.031*** | 0.006 | 0.047*** | −0.001 | 0.053*** | 0.002 |
(0.006) | (0.017) | (0.003) | (0.008) | (0.004) | (0.009) | |
Corruption in government | 0.041*** | 0.003 | 0.049*** | −0.012 | 0.052*** | −0.002 |
(0.008) | (0.023) | (0.005) | (0.011) | (0.005) | (0.009) | |
Worsening economy | 0.033*** | 0.031* | 0.032*** | 0.027*** | 0.017*** | −0.011 |
(0.007) | (0.018) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.004) | (0.008) | |
Bad time to find a job | 0.009 | −0.026 | 0.006 | −0.027*** | 0.013*** | 0.001 |
(0.006) | (0.017) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.005) | (0.009) | |
No get ahead by working hard | 0.034*** | −0.016 | 0.040*** | 0.019** | 0.060*** | 0.025*** |
(0.009) | (0.022) | (0.004) | (0.009) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
Involuntary part-time | 0.041*** | 0.028 | 0.038*** | 0.008 | 0.017** | -0.002 |
(0.007) | (0.019) | (0.005) | (0.009) | (0.007) | (0.011) | |
Self-employed | −0.032*** | −0.011 | −0.009** | 0.016** | −0.006 | 0.024*** |
(0.008) | (0.019) | (0.003) | (0.008) | (0.005) | (0.008) | |
Number of countries | 22 | 22 | 75 | 75 | 45 | 45 |
Observations | 23,225 | 3,961 | 81,917 | 12,937 | 53,546 | 6,449 |
Variable name | Questions asked |
---|---|
Desire (=1 if respondents answered “Like to move to another country,” =0 if respondents answered “Like to continue living in this country”) | Ideally, if you had the opportunity, would you like to move PERMANENTLY to another country, or would you prefer to continue living in this country? |
Plan (=1 if respondents answered “Yes, will move in the next 12 months,” =0 if respondents answered “No”) | Are you planning to move permanently to another country in the next 12 months, or not? (asked only of those that would like to move to another country) |
Lack of food/shelter (=1 if respondents answered “Difficult” or “Very difficult” to at least one of the two questions, =0 otherwise) | Have there been times in the past 12 months when you did not have enough money to buy food that you or your family needed? (WP40) Have there been times in the past 12 months when you did not have enough money to provide adequate shelter or housing for you and your family? |
Difficult living on present income (=1 if respondents stated “Difficult” or “Very difficult,” =0 otherwise) | Which one of these phrases comes closest to your own feelings about your household’s income these days: living comfortably on present income, getting by on present income, finding it difficult on present income, or finding it very difficult on present income? |
No opportunity to meet people (=1 if respondents stated “not satisfied,” =0 otherwise) | In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the opportunities to meet people and make friends? |
Have help from friends/relatives (=1 if respondents stated “yes,” =0 otherwise) | If you were in trouble, do you have relatives or friends you can count on to help you whenever you need them, or not? |
No improvement in living standards (=1 if respondents stated “worse,” =0 otherwise) | Right now, do you feel your standard of living is getting better or getting worse? |
Discontent with local amenities (=1 if respondents stated “worse,” =0 otherwise) | Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the city or area where you live? |
Discontent with education system (=1 if respondents stated “worse,” =0 otherwise) | In the city or area where you live, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the educational system or the schools? |
No confidence in government (=1 if respondents stated “worse,” =0 otherwise) | Do you have trust in the national government? |
Corruption in government (=1 if respondents stated “Yes,” =0 otherwise) | Is corruption widespread throughout the government in (this country), or not? |
Bad time to find a job (=1 if respondents stated “worse,” =0 otherwise) | Thinking about the job situation in the city or area where you live today, would you say that it is now a good time or a bad time to find a job? (WP89) |
Worsening economic situation (=1 if respondents stated “Worse,” =0 otherwise) | Right now, do you think that economic conditions in the city or area where you live, as a whole, are getting better or getting worse? |
No get ahead by working hard (=1 if respondents answered “No,” =0 otherwise) | Can people in this country get ahead by working hard, or not? |
Poor self-reported health (=1 if respondent answered “Yes,” =0 otherwise) | Do you have any health problems that prevent you from doing any of the things people your age normally can do? |
Involuntary part-time (=1 if respondent answered “Yes,” =0 otherwise) | Respondents are “underemployed” if they are employed part time but want to work full time |
Medium education (=1 if respondent completed secondary education, =0 otherwise) | What is your highest completed level of education? |
High education (=1 if respondent completed tertiary education, =0 otherwise) | What is your highest completed level of education? |
Age (25–34) (=1 if the age of the respondent is between 25 and 34, =0 otherwise) | Please tell me your age |
Have kid(s) (=1 if the respondent has at least one children living in the household) | How many children under 15 years of age are now living in your household? |
Country grouping | Developing | Emerging | Developed | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan |
Female | −0.043*** | −0.014 | −0.017*** | −0.030*** | −0.037*** | −0.031*** |
(0.005) | (0.014) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.003) | (0.006) | |
Married | −0.022*** | −0.048*** | −0.022*** | −0.029*** | −0.018*** | −0.019*** |
(0.006) | (0.016) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.006) | |
Age (35–39) | 0.111*** | −0.039 | 0.108*** | 0.030** | 0.100*** | 0.023* |
(0.011) | (0.031) | (0.005) | (0.013) | (0.007) | (0.014) | |
Age (40–44) | 0.072*** | −0.035 | 0.092*** | 0.018 | 0.087*** | 0.024* |
(0.011) | (0.032) | (0.005) | (0.013) | (0.006) | (0.014) | |
Age (45–49) | 0.065*** | −0.050 | 0.070*** | 0.011 | 0.072*** | 0.006 |
(0.012) | (0.033) | (0.005) | (0.013) | (0.006) | (0.014) | |
Age (50–54) | 0.030** | −0.036 | 0.050*** | 0.010 | 0.053*** | −0.002 |
(0.012) | (0.035) | (0.005) | (0.014) | (0.006) | (0.014) | |
Age (55–59) | 0.020 | 0.006 | 0.027*** | −0.004 | 0.029*** | 0.010 |
(0.013) | (0.039) | (0.006) | (0.015) | (0.006) | (0.013) | |
Have kid(s) | 0.015** | 0.014 | 0.006** | −0.000 | 0.008** | −0.006 |
(0.008) | (0.019) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
Urban | 0.054*** | 0.041*** | 0.034*** | 0.027*** | 0.022*** | 0.009 |
(0.007) | (0.016) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.003) | (0.006) | |
Poor health | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.011*** | −0.006 |
(0.005) | (0.015) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.008) | |
Medium education | 0.052*** | 0.029* | 0.038*** | 0.027*** | 0.023*** | 0.005 |
(0.006) | (0.015) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.006) | (0.010) | |
High education | 0.025* | 0.054* | 0.053*** | 0.039*** | 0.038*** | 0.019* |
(0.013) | (0.029) | (0.004) | (0.009) | (0.006) | (0.011) | |
Lack of food/shelter | 0.015*** | 0.009 | 0.026*** | 0.019*** | 0.038*** | 0.019*** |
(0.006) | (0.015) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
Difficult living on present income | 0.014** | −0.040*** | 0.006** | −0.015** | 0.019*** | 0.021*** |
(0.006) | (0.015) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
No improvement in living standards | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.025*** | −0.003 | 0.028*** | 0.003 |
(0.006) | (0.016) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
No opportunity to meet people | −0.008 | 0.026* | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.034*** | 0.001 |
(0.006) | (0.014) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
No help from friends/relatives | −0.007 | 0.002 | −0.012*** | 0.002 | −0.026*** | −0.004 |
(0.005) | (0.014) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.005) | (0.008) | |
Discontent with local amenities | 0.073*** | 0.003 | 0.068*** | 0.019*** | 0.104*** | 0.018*** |
(0.006) | (0.014) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
Discontent with education system | 0.006 | 0.015 | 0.019*** | −0.000 | 0.028*** | 0.010 |
(0.005) | (0.014) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.006) | |
No trust in national government | 0.033*** | −0.004 | 0.046*** | 0.004 | 0.057*** | −0.007 |
(0.005) | (0.015) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.008) | |
Corruption in government | 0.037*** | 0.010 | 0.039*** | −0.010 | 0.050*** | 0.003 |
(0.007) | (0.020) | (0.004) | (0.009) | (0.004) | (0.008) | |
Worsening economy | 0.034*** | 0.026 | 0.032*** | 0.023*** | 0.016*** | −0.006 |
(0.006) | (0.016) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
Bad time to find a job | 0.008 | −0.031** | 0.006** | −0.027*** | 0.011*** | 0.003 |
(0.005) | (0.015) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.009) | |
No get ahead by working hard | 0.032*** | −0.025 | 0.033*** | 0.010 | 0.051*** | 0.026*** |
(0.007) | (0.019) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
Unemployed | 0.020* | 0.030 | 0.036*** | 0.027*** | 0.034*** | 0.049*** |
(0.010) | (0.024) | (0.005) | (0.009) | (0.007) | (0.009) | |
Out of workforce | −0.021*** | −0.014 | −0.025*** | −0.006 | −0.013*** | 0.019** |
(0.007) | (0.018) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.008) | |
Number of countries | 22 | 22 | 75 | 75 | 45 | 45 |
Observations | 31,678 | 5,351 | 127,749 | 19,605 | 73,970 | 9,113 |
Panel A: Total adults (aged 35–64) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country grouping: | Developing | Emerging | Developed | |||
Dependent variable: | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan |
Female | −0.043*** | −0.014 | −0.017*** | −0.030*** | −0.037*** | −0.031*** |
(0.005) | (0.014) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.003) | (0.006) | |
Married | −0.022*** | −0.048*** | −0.022*** | −0.029*** | −0.018*** | −0.019*** |
(0.006) | (0.016) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.006) | |
Have kid(s) | 0.015** | 0.014 | 0.006** | −0.000 | 0.008** | −0.006 |
(0.008) | (0.019) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
High education | 0.025* | 0.054* | 0.053*** | 0.039*** | 0.038*** | 0.019* |
(0.013) | (0.029) | (0.004) | (0.009) | (0.006) | (0.011) | |
Difficult living on present income | 0.014** | −0.040*** | 0.006** | −0.015** | 0.019*** | 0.021*** |
(0.006) | (0.015) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
Discontent with local amenities | 0.073*** | 0.003 | 0.068*** | 0.019*** | 0.104*** | 0.018*** |
(0.006) | (0.014) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
No trust in national government | 0.033*** | −0.004 | 0.046*** | 0.004 | 0.057*** | −0.007 |
(0.005) | (0.015) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.004) | (0.008) | |
No get ahead by working hard | 0.032*** | −0.025 | 0.033*** | 0.010 | 0.051*** | 0.026*** |
(0.007) | (0.019) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.007) | |
Unemployed | 0.020* | 0.030 | 0.036*** | 0.027*** | 0.034*** | 0.049*** |
(0.010) | (0.024) | (0.005) | (0.009) | (0.007) | (0.009) | |
Out of workforce | −0.021*** | −0.014 | −0.025*** | −0.006 | −0.013*** | 0.019** |
(0.007) | (0.018) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.004) | (0.008) | |
Number of countries | 22 | 22 | 75 | 75 | 45 | 45 |
Observations | 31,678 | 5,351 | 127,749 | 19,605 | 73,970 | 9,113 |
Country grouping: | Developing | Emerging | Developed | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan |
Female | −0.051*** | −0.003 | −0.041*** | −0.017*** | −0.019*** | −0.007 |
(0.005) | (0.008) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.008) | |
Married | −0.066*** | −0.011 | −0.058*** | −0.008 | −0.057*** | −0.020* |
(0.005) | (0.010) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.011) | |
Age (25–34) | −0.034*** | 0.009 | −0.049*** | 0.014*** | −0.061*** | −0.004 |
(0.005) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | |
Have kid(s) | 0.026*** | 0.003 | 0.012*** | −0.013*** | −0.003 | −0.028*** |
(0.006) | (0.011) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.010) | |
Urban | 0.059*** | 0.033*** | 0.041*** | 0.027*** | 0.043*** | 0.010 |
(0.006) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.009) | |
Poor health | −0.004 | 0.040*** | −0.002 | 0.018*** | −0.001 | 0.000 |
(0.006) | (0.010) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.009) | (0.014) | |
Medium education | 0.072*** | 0.036*** | 0.050*** | 0.012** | 0.003 | 0.013 |
(0.005) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.010) | (0.014) | |
High education | 0.051*** | 0.078*** | 0.067*** | 0.031*** | 0.008 | 0.064*** |
(0.014) | (0.021) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.011) | (0.016) | |
Lack of food/shelter | 0.011** | 0.005 | 0.014*** | 0.009* | 0.040*** | 0.031*** |
(0.005) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.010) | |
Difficult living on present income | 0.013** | −0.016* | −0.001 | −0.029*** | 0.023*** | −0.004 |
(0.005) | (0.008) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | |
No improvement in living standards | −0.007 | 0.005 | 0.011*** | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.018* |
(0.006) | (0.010) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | |
No opportunity to meet people | −0.001 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.040*** | −0.003 |
(0.005) | (0.008) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | |
No help from friends/relatives | 0.015*** | −0.002 | 0.019*** | −0.002 | 0.002 | −0.010 |
(0.005) | (0.009) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.012) | (0.015) | |
Discontent with local amenities | 0.104*** | 0.008 | 0.093*** | 0.016*** | 0.140*** | 0.034*** |
(0.005) | (0.008) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.010) | |
Discontent with education system | 0.007 | −0.020** | 0.014*** | 0.004 | 0.043*** | 0.011 |
(0.005) | (0.008) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.009) | |
No trust in national government | 0.045*** | −0.016** | 0.052*** | 0.014*** | 0.076*** | −0.020** |
(0.005) | (0.008) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.010) | |
Corruption in government | 0.051*** | −0.007 | 0.048*** | −0.003 | 0.047*** | −0.004 |
(0.006) | (0.011) | (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.012) | |
Worsening economy | 0.038*** | 0.026*** | 0.040*** | 0.021*** | 0.041*** | 0.021** |
(0.006) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | |
Bad time to find a job | 0.019*** | −0.019** | 0.016*** | −0.024*** | 0.014** | 0.003 |
(0.005) | (0.008) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.010) | |
No get ahead by working hard | 0.048*** | 0.019* | 0.036*** | 0.018*** | 0.073*** | 0.029*** |
(0.007) | (0.011) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.009) | |
Unemployed | 0.044*** | 0.031** | 0.035*** | 0.016** | 0.038*** | 0.028** |
(0.008) | (0.012) | (0.004) | (0.006) | (0.010) | (0.012) | |
Out of workforce | −0.010* | −0.048*** | −0.006* | −0.033*** | 0.006 | −0.032*** |
(0.005) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.011) | |
Number of countries | 22 | 22 | 75 | 75 | 42 | 42 |
Observations | 52,761 | 15,141 | 141,036 | 37,005 | 35,005 | 7,547 |
Panel A: Sample restricted to the period 2010–2012 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country grouping | Developing | Emerging | Developed | |||
Dependent variable | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan | Desire | Plan |
High education | 0.012 | 0.094*** | 0.053*** | 0.018 | 0.006 | 0.052** |
(0.026) | (0.029) | (0.008) | (0.011) | (0.017) | (0.024) | |
Worsening economy | 0.030*** | 0.012 | 0.035*** | 0.031*** | 0.042*** | 0.034** |
(0.009) | (0.013) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.014) | |
Bad time to find a job | 0.014* | −0.006 | 0.009* | −0.034*** | 0.003 | −0.011 |
(0.008) | (0.012) | (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.010) | (0.016) | |
No get ahead by working hard | 0.040*** | 0.012 | 0.029*** | 0.003 | 0.059*** | 0.021 |
(0.011) | (0.016) | (0.006) | (0.008) | (0.010) | (0.013) | |
Unemployed | 0.048*** | 0.027 | 0.027*** | 0.019** | 0.035** | 0.020 |
(0.012) | (0.017) | (0.006) | (0.009) | (0.015) | (0.019) | |
Number of countries | 22 | 22 | 75 | 75 | 42 | 42 |
Observations | 21,828 | 7,272 | 63,594 | 18,224 | 15,290 | 3,413 |
Total | Stayers | Desire | Plan | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Desire | 0.324 | 0.468 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Plan | – | – | – | – | 0.169 | 0.375 | – | – |
Female | 0.521 | 0.5 | 0.539 | 0.498 | 0.482 | 0.5 | 0.442 | 0.497 |
Married | 0.408 | 0.491 | 0.449 | 0.497 | 0.322 | 0.467 | 0.311 | 0.463 |
Age (25–34) | 0.514 | 0.5 | 0.541 | 0.498 | 0.459 | 0.498 | 0.478 | 0.5 |
Have kid(s) | 0.649 | 0.477 | 0.655 | 0.475 | 0.637 | 0.481 | 0.662 | 0.473 |
Urban | 0.371 | 0.483 | 0.355 | 0.479 | 0.405 | 0.491 | 0.435 | 0.496 |
Poor health | 0.149 | 0.356 | 0.149 | 0.356 | 0.149 | 0.356 | 0.174 | 0.379 |
Medium education | 0.569 | 0.495 | 0.552 | 0.497 | 0.605 | 0.489 | 0.583 | 0.493 |
High education | 0.126 | 0.332 | 0.127 | 0.333 | 0.123 | 0.328 | 0.127 | 0.333 |
Lack of food/shelter | 0.437 | 0.496 | 0.41 | 0.492 | 0.492 | 0.5 | 0.542 | 0.498 |
Difficult living on present income | 0.428 | 0.495 | 0.407 | 0.491 | 0.472 | 0.499 | 0.49 | 0.5 |
No improvement in living standards | 0.218 | 0.413 | 0.194 | 0.396 | 0.267 | 0.443 | 0.291 | 0.454 |
No opportunity to meet people | 0.24 | 0.427 | 0.222 | 0.416 | 0.278 | 0.448 | 0.299 | 0.458 |
No help from friends/relatives | 0.818 | 0.386 | 0.817 | 0.387 | 0.821 | 0.383 | 0.793 | 0.405 |
Discontent with local amenities | 0.283 | 0.45 | 0.227 | 0.419 | 0.399 | 0.49 | 0.453 | 0.498 |
Discontent with education system | 0.38 | 0.485 | 0.345 | 0.476 | 0.451 | 0.498 | 0.492 | 0.5 |
No trust in national government | 0.51 | 0.5 | 0.461 | 0.498 | 0.613 | 0.487 | 0.615 | 0.487 |
Corruption in government | 0.805 | 0.396 | 0.782 | 0.413 | 0.853 | 0.354 | 0.86 | 0.347 |
Worsening economy | 0.337 | 0.473 | 0.291 | 0.454 | 0.434 | 0.496 | 0.47 | 0.499 |
Bad time to find a job | 0.608 | 0.488 | 0.577 | 0.494 | 0.673 | 0.469 | 0.664 | 0.472 |
No get ahead by working hard | 0.158 | 0.365 | 0.139 | 0.345 | 0.199 | 0.399 | 0.21 | 0.407 |
Unemployed | 0.11 | 0.313 | 0.097 | 0.296 | 0.137 | 0.344 | 0.171 | 0.376 |
Out of workforce | 0.35 | 0.477 | 0.352 | 0.478 | 0.345 | 0.475 | 0.295 | 0.456 |