Terminal sector | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Initial sector | OAW | Employer | Casual worker | Regular worker |
14.48 | 47.89 | –16.29 | 3.02 | |
–5.03 | 22.90 | –85.63 | –12.68 | |
52.13 | 71.88 | 33.30 | 34.17 | |
7.57 | 61.07 | 22.40 | 22.40 |
Status of | Status of destination | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farmworker | OAW | Employer | Casual | Regular | Unpaid | UNLF and | |
Urbana | 0.14*** | 1.08 | 1.03 | 0.84* | 1.44*** | 0.79*** | |
Age | 1.00** | 1.01 | 0.99** | 1.01 | 0.99* | 0.99* | |
Years of | 1.14*** | 1.23*** | 1.32*** | 1.22*** | 1.39*** | 1.14*** | |
Speaks Englishb | 0.81** | 0.73** | 0.59** | 0.9 | 1.11 | 0.79 | |
Education of | 0.97*** | 0.93*** | 0.93*** | 0.92*** | 0.96*** | 0.95*** | |
Genderc | 1.33*** | 6.75*** | 19.72*** | 3.21*** | 3.98*** | 2.14*** | |
Dummy for caste affiliation (Base: General category) | |||||||
Other backward | 1.12 | 1.37** | 0.99 | 1.37*** | 1.14 | 1.32*** | |
SC/ST | 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 2.03*** | 1.73*** | 0.97 | |
Religiond | 1.06 | 0.83* | 0.75 | 0.62*** | 0.92 | 0.83* | |
Marital statuse | 2.17*** | 4.80*** | 6.39*** | 3.19*** | 1.77*** | 1.43*** | |
Assets | 0.93*** | 0.93*** | 1.06*** | 0.84*** | 0.93*** | 0.99 | |
Member of | 0.80** | 0.91 | 0.85 | 1.38 | 1.17 | 0.94 | |
Member of SHGf | 1.05 | 0.91 | 0.35** | 0.98 | 1.1 | 0.57** | |
Member of | 0.96 | 1.17 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 0.82 | 1.02 | |
Dependency | 0.19*** | 0.13*** | 0.11*** | 0.05*** | 0.12*** | 0.08*** | |
Occupational group of the father of the household head (Base: Farmers, service workers, and production workers) | |||||||
Professional | 0.84 | 2.01*** | 1.15 | 1.27 | 1.45*** | 1.74*** | |
Sales workers | 0.52*** | 2.48*** | 2.09*** | 1.02 | 0.9 | 3.09*** | |
Clerical, service, | 0.59*** | 1.76*** | 1.23 | 1.27*** | 1.35** | 1.89*** |
Fixed-effects regression | Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 | Column 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reference categories | ||||
OAW | Employer | Casual worker | Regular worker | |
OAW*Dummy for SC/ST | 10.82** | –2.48 | –1.25 | |
Employer* Dummy for SC/ST | –10.82** | –13.30*** | –12.07*** | |
Casual worker* Dummy for SC/ST | 2.48 | 13.30*** | 1.23 | |
Regular worker* Dummy for SC/ST | 1.25 | 12.07*** | –1.23 |
Terminal sector | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial sector | Farmworker | OAW | Employer | Casual worker | Regular worker | Unpaid family worker | Student | UNLF |
Farmworker | 57.29-57.30 | 2.10-2.11 | 0.47-0.48 | 19.47-19.48 | 2.10-2.11 | 1.22-1.23 | 1.83-1.84 | 15.44-15.45 |
OAW | 14.62-14.67 | 27.34-27.39 | 6.35-6.40 | 25.71-25.76 | 5.21-5.25 | 6.72-6.77 | 0.17-0.22 | 13.69-13.73 |
Employer | 10.83-10.92 | 26.28-26.36 | 20.80-20.88 | 15.95-16.04 | 8.31-8.39 | 7.10-7.18 | 0.07-0.15 | 10.33-10.41 |
Casual worker | 17.36-17.37 | 4.41-4.42 | 0.84-0.85 | 58.07-58.08 | 8.08-8.09 | 1.09-1.10 | 0.15-0.16 | 9.91-9.92 |
Regular worker | 6.77-6.81 | 3.51-3.55 | 1.42-1.47 | 20.61-20.65 | 52.14-52.18 | 0.68-0.73 | 0.03-0.07 | 14.67-14.71 |
Unpaid family worker | 11.60-11.66 | 16.62-16.68 | 4.91-4.97 | 19.11-19.17 | 4.32-4.38 | 19.84-19.90 | 2.31-2.38 | 21.04-21.10 |
Student | 22.70-22.71 | 0.81-0.82 | 0.28-0.29 | 11.91-11.92 | 2.92-2.93 | 2.71-2.72 | 49.89-49.90 | 8.71-8.72 |
UNLF | 17.15-17.16 | 1.73-1.74 | 0.46-0.47 | 10.63-10.64 | 2.61-2.62 | 1.71-1.72 | 31.52-31.53 | 34.12-34.13 |
Fixed-effects regression | Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 | Column 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reference categories | ||||
OAW | Employer | Casual worker | Regular worker | |
OAW*Age | –0.38 | 0.15 | –0.13 | |
Employer*Age | 0.38 | 0.53 | 0.25 | |
Casual worker*Age | –0.15 | –0.53 | –0.28*** | |
Regular worker*Age | 0.13 | –0.25 | 0.28*** |
Fixed-effects regression | Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 | Column 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reference categories | ||||
OAW | Employer | Casual worker | Regular worker | |
OAW*Years of education | –1.41* | 0.50* | –0.02 | |
Employer*Years of education | 1.41* | 1.91** | 1.39 | |
Casual worker*Years of education | –0.50* | –1.91** | –0.51*** | |
Regular worker*Years of education | 0.02 | –1.39 | 0.51*** |
Farmworker | OAW | Employer | Casual worker | Regular worker | Unpaid family worker | Student | UNLF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban Values indicate proportionate shares of the variable among the total population of the different groups. | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.54 | 0.21 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.30 | 0.35 |
Age | 36.97 | 41.05 | 40.95 | 36.84 | 40.23 | 32.75 | 11.22 | 32.55 |
Years of education | 4.63 | 6.93 | 9.27 | 4.29 | 9.93 | 7.07 | 5.06 | 3.84 |
Male Values indicate proportionate shares of the variable among the total population of the different groups. | 0.47 | 0.84 | 0.94 | 0.69 | 0.81 | 0.61 | 0.54 | 0.31 |
Caste groups Values indicate proportionate shares of the variable among the total population of the different groups. | (column totals for all caste groups sum up to 1.0) | |||||||
General | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.31 |
OBC | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.42 | 0.43 |
SC/ST | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.44 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.29 | 0.26 |
Hindu Values indicate proportionate shares of the variable among the total population of the different groups. | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 0.79 |
Married Values indicate proportionate shares of the variable among the total population of the different groups. | 0.74 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.85 | 0.61 | 0.01 | 0.62 |
Household poor Values indicate proportionate shares of the variable among the total population of the different groups. The poverty rates are calculated using per capita household consumption and the official poverty lines (Tendulkar Committee poverty lines) ( | 0.26 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.36 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.33 |
Monthly per capita household | 735.03 | 1002.44 | 2295.59 | 717.36 | 2158.56 | 1127.21 | 851.91 | 941.65 |
Assets | 11.51 | 14.53 | 18.55 | 10.49 | 17.89 | 15.87 | 13.16 | 13.26 |
Mean real earnings per hour | 187.36 | 628.94 | 129.70 | 9.49 | 26.16 | |||
Annual number of hours worked | 729.60 | 2104.67 | 2328.13 | 1529.99 | 2472.93 | 1163.93 | ||
Observations | ||||||||
Total | 67928 | 9202 | 2964 | 58498 | 14225 | 5787 | 64867 | 77895 |
2004-2005 | 30037 | 3987 | 1311 | 26437 | 5245 | 2293 | 33126 | 48247 |
2011-2012 | 37891 | 5215 | 1653 | 32061 | 8980 | 3494 | 31741 | 29648 |
Initial sector | Terminal sector | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farmworker | OAW | Employer | Casual | Regular | Unpaid | Student | UNLF | |
0.76 | 0.58 | 1.53 | 0.53 | 0.61 | 0.16 | 1.75 | ||
0.71 | 5.95 | 1.55 | 1.00 | 2.56 | 0.01 | 1.19 | ||
0.50 | 6.92 | 0.91 | 1.52 | 2.58 | 0.01 | 0.86 | ||
1.20 | 1.74 | 1.13 | 2.20 | 0.60 | 0.02 | 1.23 | ||
0.49 | 1.45 | 2.00 | 1.84 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 1.90 | ||
0.52 | 4.24 | 4.23 | 1.06 | 0.76 | 0.14 | 1.68 | ||
1.35 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.88 | 0.68 | 1.26 | 0.93 | ||
0.82 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.63 | 0.49 | 0.64 | 2.07 |
Fixed-effects regression | Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 | Column 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reference categories | ||||
OAW | Employer | Casual worker | Regular worker | |
OAW | –12.43*** | 5.78*** | 3.63* | |
Employer | 12.43*** | 18.21*** | 16.06*** | |
Casual worker | –5.78*** | –18.21*** | –2.15** | |
Regular worker | –3.63* | –16.06*** | 2.15** |
Status of | Status of destination | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farmworker | OAW | Employer | Casual | Regular | Unpaid | UNLF and | |
Household | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.13 | 0.46 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.31 |
Household | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.22 |
Household | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.34 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.27 |
Household | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.17 |
Household | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.11 |
Household | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.08 |
Household | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.31 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.48 | 0.40 |
Household | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.22 |
Household | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.10 |
Household | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 |
Household | 0.39 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.23 |
Household | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.19 |
Household | 0.47 | 0.33 | 0.13 | 0.50 | 0.24 | 0.36 | 0.37 |
Household | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.20 |
Farmwork to casual work | Casual work to farmwork | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2004-2005 | 2011-2012 | 2004-2005 | 2011-2012 | |
Single job | 76.14 | 29.17 | 30.97 | 61.42 |
F and S | 1.55 | 1.56 | ||
F and W | 21.33 | 68.79 | 65.55 | 36.10 |
S and W | 0.43 | 0.89 | ||
F, S and W | 0.98 | 1.61 | 2.58 | 0.92 |
Farmworker | OAW | Employer | Casual | Regular | Unpaid | UNLF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urbana | 0.47*** | 1.25 | 0.86 | 1.1 | 1.14 | 1.48 | 2.15*** |
Age | 0.99* | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.96*** | 0.94*** | 0.98** | 1.01 |
Years of education | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.08** | 0.94*** | 1.07*** | 1.01 | 0.84*** |
Speaks Englishb | 0.88 | 0.99 | 1.45 | 0.79*** | 1.18* | 0.81 | 1.05 |
Education of fa | 1.02** | 0.99 | 0.97* | 0.98* | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.05*** |
Genderc | 0.99 | 2.70*** | 4.12 | 2.41*** | 1.30* | 0.81 | 0.50*** |
Dummy for caste affiliation (Base: General category) | |||||||
Other backward | 0.99 | 1.19 | 0.91 | 1.27*** | 1.11 | 1.22 | 0.84*** |
SC/ST | 0.68*** | 1.06 | 0.27*** | 1.66*** | 1.65*** | 0.57 | 0.80*** |
Religiond | 0.99 | 0.87 | 0.66** | 0.87 | 1.29** | 0.89 | 1.12* |
Marital statuse | 2.64*** | 2.07*** | 2.80*** | 1.64*** | 3.16*** | 0.85 | 0.47*** |
Assets | 1.02** | 1.02* | 1.06 | 0.92*** | 1.05*** | 1.08*** | 1.10*** |
Member of em | 0.9 | 0.88 | 0.69 | 0.87* | 1.52** | 0.93 | 0.96 |
Member of SHGf | 0.92 | 0.89 | 1.34 | 1.22** | 0.76* | 0.89 | 1.03 |
Member of savings | 0.99 | 0.93 | 1.49 | 1.05 | 0.76** | 0.52*** | 1.03 |
Dependency ratio | 0.48*** | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.70** | 0.39*** | 0.55 | 7.12*** |
Occupational group of the father of the household head (Base: Farmers, service workers, and production workers) | |||||||
Professional and | 0.79* | 0.81 | 2.48*** | 1.12 | 1.41*** | 1.31 | 0.96 |
Sales workers | 0.50*** | 1.29 | 1.71*** | 0.83 | 0.83 | 1.51*** | 1.09 |
Clerical, service | 0.67*** | 1.01 | 2.10*** | 1.28*** | 1.03 | 1.39* | 1.11* |
Initial sector | Terminal sector | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farmworker | OAW | Employer | Casual | Regular | Unpaid | Student | UNLF | |
2.09 | 1.55 | 4.87 | 1.99 | 1.69 | 0.41 | 2.91 | ||
1.81 | 12.19 | 3.78 | 2.90 | 5.44 | 0.02 | 1.52 | ||
1.23 | 14.07 | 2.16 | 4.25 | 5.28 | 0.01 | 1.05 | ||
3.72 | 4.46 | 2.82 | 7.77 | 1.54 | 0.04 | 1.90 | ||
1.28 | 3.12 | 4.20 | 4.60 | 0.86 | 0.01 | 2.47 | ||
1.30 | 8.79 | 8.56 | 2.55 | 2.19 | 0.28 | 2.11 | ||
4.07 | 0.69 | 0.80 | 2.54 | 2.36 | 3.18 | 1.40 | ||
2.34 | 1.12 | 0.98 | 1.72 | 1.60 | 1.53 | 4.51 |
Initial sector | Terminal sector | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farmworker | OAW | Employer | Casual | Regular | Unpaid | Student | UNLF | |
57.30 | 2.11 | 0.48 | 19.48 | 2.11 | 1.23 | 1.84 | 15.45 | |
14.65 | 27.36 | 6.37 | 25.74 | 5.23 | 6.75 | 0.19 | 13.71 | |
10.87 | 26.32 | 20.84 | 15.99 | 8.35 | 7.14 | 0.11 | 10.37 | |
17.37 | 4.42 | 0.85 | 58.08 | 8.09 | 1.10 | 0.16 | 9.92 | |
6.79 | 3.53 | 1.45 | 20.63 | 52.16 | 0.70 | 0.05 | 14.69 | |
11.63 | 16.65 | 4.94 | 19.14 | 4.35 | 19.87 | 2.35 | 21.07 | |
22.71 | 0.82 | 0.29 | 11.92 | 2.93 | 2.72 | 49.90 | 8.72 | |
17.16 | 1.74 | 0.47 | 10.64 | 2.62 | 1.72 | 31.53 | 34.13 |
Single job | F and S F, S, and W denote Farmwork, Self-employment, and Wage employment, respectively. | F and W F, S, and W denote Farmwork, Self-employment, and Wage employment, respectively. | S and W F, S, and W denote Farmwork, Self-employment, and Wage employment, respectively. | FSW F, S, and W denote Farmwork, Self-employment, and Wage employment, respectively. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farmworker | 87.19 | 1.56 | 10.83 | 0.42 | |
Own-account worker | 65.76 | 26.37 | 4.11 | 3.76 | |
Employer | 76.84 | 20.28 | 1.93 | 0.95 | |
Casual worker | 60.11 | 37.40 | 1.12 | 1.36 | |
Regular worker | 81.07 | 17.38 | 1.11 | 0.44 | |
Unpaid family worker | 77.98 | 19.33 | 1.64 | 1.05 | |
Farmworker | 85.46 | 1.57 | 12.61 | 0.37 | |
Own-account worker | 66.77 | 23.40 | 4.61 | 5.22 | |
Employer | 77.59 | 18.19 | 1.79 | 2.43 | |
Casual worker | 56.83 | 41.06 | 1.11 | 1.00 | |
Regular worker | 80.91 | 17.32 | 1.12 | 0.65 | |
Unpaid family worker | 73.68 | 21.82 | 1.46 | 3.03 |
Fixed-effects regression | Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 | Column 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reference categories | ||||
OAW | Employer | Casual worker | Regular worker | |
OAW*Dummy for male | 18.60 | 0.88 | –1.31 | |
Employer* Dummy for male | –18.60 | –17.71 | –19.91 | |
Casual worker* Dummy for male | –0.88 | 17.71 | –2.20** | |
Regular worker* Dummy for male | 1.31 | 19.91 | 2.20** |