(1) Intake 13 Placebo group | (2) Intakes 12–14 Placebo group | Difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean/SE | Mean/SE | (2) - (1) | ||
Formal sector employment in last 6 months | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.000 | 224 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 0.254 | 224 | 0.183 | –0.071 |
[0.038] | [0.026] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 0.254 | 224 | 0.183 | –0.071 |
[0.038] | [0.026] | ||||
Average weekly wage (Kina)# | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.000 | 224 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 70.090 | 224 | 60.045 | –10.045 |
[8.114] | [6.185] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 70.090 | 224 | 60.045 | –10.045 |
[8.114] | [6.185] | ||||
Average number of hours worked in a week# | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.000 | 224 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 18.754 | 224 | 15.348 | –3.406 |
[2.196] | [1.528] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 18.754 | 224 | 15.348 | –3.406 |
[2.196] | [1.528] | ||||
Earned cash in last 4 weeks | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.321 | 224 | 0.339 | 0.018 |
[0.040] | [0.032] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 0.604 | 224 | 0.571 | –0.033 |
[0.042] | [0.033] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 0.284 | 224 | 0.232 | –0.051 |
[0.053] | [0.044] | ||||
Sought job in last 3 months | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.052 | 224 | 0.094 | 0.042 |
[0.019] | [0.020] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 0.179 | 224 | 0.192 | 0.013 |
[0.033] | [0.026] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 0.127 | 224 | 0.098 | –0.029 |
[0.036] | [0.032] |
(1) Intake 13 Placebo group | (2) Intakes 12–14 Placebo group | Difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean/SE | Mean/SE | (2) - (1) | ||
Age | 134 | 23.522 | 224 | 23.415 | –0.107 |
[0.449] | [0.323] | ||||
Share that are male | 134 | 0.552 | 224 | 0.567 | 0.015 |
[0.043] | [0.033] | ||||
Share that are married | 134 | 0.425 | 224 | 0.366 | –0.059 |
[0.043] | [0.032] | ||||
Years of education | 120# | 7.442 | 198# | 6.949 | –0.492 |
[0.256] | [0.202] | ||||
Household members | 134 | 9.119 | 224 | 8.763 | –0.356 |
[0.441] | [0.321] | ||||
Female household members | 134 | 4.269 | 224 | 3.911 | –0.358 |
[0.240] | [0.176] | ||||
Male working household members | 134 | 1.239 | 224 | 1.196 | –0.042 |
[0.129] | [0.088] | ||||
Share with concrete floor | 134 | 0.060 | 224 | 0.062 | 0.003 |
[0.021] | [0.016] | ||||
Share with wood floor | 134 | 0.910 | 224 | 0.862 | –0.049 |
[0.025] | [0.023] |
(1) Ineligible youth in intakes 12 and 14 | (2) Control group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean/SE | Mean/SE | Difference | ||
Formal sector employment in last 6 months | |||||
Baseline | 224 | 0.000 | 113 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 224 | 0.183 | 113 | 0.230 | 0.047 |
[0.026] | [0.040] | ||||
Difference | 224 | 0.183 | 113 | 0.230 | 0.047 |
[0.026] | [0.040] | ||||
Average weekly wage (Kina)# | |||||
Baseline | 224 | 0.000 | 113 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 224 | 60.045 | 113 | 87.673 | 27.628** |
[6.185] | [9.603] | ||||
Difference | 224 | 60.045 | 113 | 87.673 | 27.628** |
[6.185] | [9.603] | ||||
Average number of hours worked in a week# | |||||
Baseline | 224 | 0.000 | 113 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 224 | 15.348 | 113 | 23.805 | 8.457*** |
[1.528] | [2.446] | ||||
Difference | 224 | 15.348 | 113 | 23.805 | 8.457*** |
[1.528] | [2.446] | ||||
Earned cash in last 4 weeks | |||||
Baseline | 224 | 0.339 | 113 | 0.381 | 0.041 |
[0.032] | [0.046] | ||||
Endline | 224 | 0.571 | 113 | 0.540 | –0.032 |
[0.033] | [0.047] | ||||
Difference | 224 | 0.232 | 113 | 0.159 | –0.073 |
[0.044] | [0.062] | ||||
Sought job in last 3 months | |||||
Baseline | 224 | 0.094 | 113 | 0.150 | 0.057 |
[0.020] | [0.034] | ||||
Endline | 224 | 0.192 | 113 | 0.230 | 0.038 |
[0.026] | [0.040] | ||||
Difference | 224 | 0.098 | 113 | 0.080 | –0.019 |
[0.032] | [0.051] |
(1) Ineligible youth in intakes 12 and 14 | (2) Treatment group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean/SE | Mean/SE | Difference | ||
Formal sector employment in last 6 months | |||||
Baseline | 224 | 0.000 | 102 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 224 | 0.183 | 102 | 0.412 | 0.229*** |
[0.026] | [0.049] | ||||
Difference | 224 | 0.183 | 102 | 0.412 | 0.229*** |
[0.026] | [0.049] | ||||
Average weekly wage (Kina)# | |||||
Baseline | 224 | 0.000 | 102 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 224 | 60.045 | 102 | 123.255 | 63.210*** |
[6.185] | [7.994] | ||||
Difference | 224 | 60.045 | 102 | 123.255 | 63.210*** |
[6.185] | [7.994] | ||||
Average number of hours worked in a week# | |||||
Baseline | 224 | 0.000 | 102 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 224 | 15.348 | 102 | 36.843 | 21.495*** |
[1.528] | [2.545] | ||||
Difference | 224 | 15.348 | 102 | 36.843 | 21.495*** |
[1.528] | [2.545] | ||||
Earned cash in last 4 weeks | |||||
Baseline | 224 | 0.339 | 102 | 0.343 | 0.004 |
[0.032] | [0.047] | ||||
Endline | 224 | 0.571 | 102 | 0.490 | –0.081 |
[0.033] | [0.050] | ||||
Difference | 224 | 0.232 | 102 | 0.147 | –0.085 |
[0.044] | [0.064] | ||||
Sought job in last 3 months | |||||
Baseline | 224 | 0.094 | 102 | 0.147 | 0.053 |
[0.020] | [0.035] | ||||
Endline | 224 | 0.192 | 102 | 0.324 | 0.132*** |
[0.026] | [0.047] | ||||
Difference | 224 | 0.098 | 102 | 0.176 | 0.078 |
[0.032] | [0.060] |
(1) Control | (2) Treatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean/SE | Mean/SE | Difference | ||
Share that have never worked in formal | 113 | 0.743 | 102 | 0.794 | 0.051 |
sector | [0.041] | ||||
Number of formal sector jobs in lifetime | 113 | 0.389 | 102 | 0.343 | –0.046 |
[0.058] | [0.065] | ||||
Earn any money over last 6 months | 113 | 0.496 | 102 | 0.510 | 0.014 |
[0.047] | [0.050] | ||||
Sought a formal sector job in last | 113 | 0.150 | 102 | 0.147 | –0.003 |
3 months | [0.034] | ||||
Sought any job last week | 113 | 0.080 | 102 | 0.069 | –0.011 |
[0.026] | [0.025] |
(1) Control | (2) Treatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean/SE | Mean/SE | Difference | ||
Formal sector employment in last 6 months | |||||
Baseline | 113 | 0.000 | 102 | 0 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 113 | 0.230 | 102 | 0.412 | 0.182*** |
[0.040] | [0.049] | ||||
Difference | 113 | 0.230 | 102 | 0.412 | 0.182*** |
[0.040] | [0.049] | ||||
Average weekly wage (Kina)# | |||||
Baseline | 113 | 0.000 | 102 | 0 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 113 | 87.673 | 102 | 123.255 | 35.582*** |
[9.603] | [7.994] | ||||
Difference | 113 | 87.673 | 102 | 123.255 | 35.582*** |
[9.603] | [7.994] | ||||
Average number of hours worked in a week# | |||||
Baseline | 113 | 0.000 | 102 | 0 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 113 | 23.805 | 102 | 36.843 | 13.038*** |
[2.446] | [2.545] | ||||
Difference | 113 | 23.805 | 102 | 36.843 | 13.038*** |
[2.446] | [2.545] | ||||
Earned cash in last 4 weeks | |||||
Baseline | 113 | 0.381 | 102 | 0.343 | –0.037 |
[0.046] | [0.047] | ||||
Endline | 113 | 0.540 | 102 | 0.49 | –0.05 |
[0.047] | [0.050] | ||||
Difference | 113 | 0.159 | 102 | 0.147 | –0.012 |
[0.062] | [0.064] | ||||
Sought job in last 3 months | |||||
Baseline | 113 | 0.150 | 102 | 0.147 | –0.003 |
[0.034] | [0.035] | ||||
Endline | 113 | 0.230 | 102 | 0.324 | 0.093 |
[0.040] | [0.047] | ||||
Difference | 113 | 0.080 | 102 | 0.176 | 0.097 |
[0.051] | [0.060] |
OLS | OLS with controls | LOGIT | |
---|---|---|---|
Formal sector employment in last 6 months | 0.182*** | 0.164** | 0.851*** |
–0.06 | –0.06 | –0.3 | |
Average weekly wage (Kina)# | 35.582*** | 29.625** | N/A |
–12.64 | –12.87 | N/A | |
Average number of hours worked in a week# | 13.038*** | 12.359*** | N/A |
–3.53 | –3.64 | N/A | |
Earned cash in last 4 weeks | –0.012 | –0.014 | –0.077 |
–0.09 | –0.09 | –0.27 | |
Sought job in last 3 months | 0.097 | 0.129 | 0.447 |
–0.08 | –0.08 | –0.29 |
(1) Ineligible youth in intake 13 | (2) Control group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean/SE | Mean/SE | Difference | ||
Formal sector employment in last 6 months | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.000 | 113 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 0.254 | 113 | 0.230 | –0.024 |
[0.038] | [0.040] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 0.254 | 113 | 0.230 | –0.024 |
[0.038] | [0.040] | ||||
Average weekly wage from (Kina)# | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.000 | 113 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 70.090 | 113 | 87.673 | 17.583 |
[8.114] | [9.603] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 70.090 | 113 | 87.673 | 17.583 |
[8.114] | [9.603] | ||||
Average number of hours worked in a week# | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.000 | 113 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 18.754 | 113 | 23.805 | 5.052 |
[2.196] | [2.446] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 18.754 | 113 | 23.805 | 5.052 |
[2.196] | [2.446] | ||||
Earned cash in last 4 weeks | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.321 | 113 | 0.381 | 0.060 |
[0.040] | [0.046] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 0.604 | 113 | 0.540 | –0.065 |
[0.042] | [0.047] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 0.284 | 113 | 0.159 | –0.124 |
[0.053] | [0.062] | ||||
Sought job in last 3 months | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.052 | 113 | 0.150 | 0.098*** |
[0.019] | [0.034] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 0.179 | 113 | 0.230 | 0.051 |
[0.033] | [0.040] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 0.127 | 113 | 0.080 | -0.047 |
[0.036] | [0.051] |
(1) Control | (2) Treatment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean/SE | Mean/SE | Difference | ||
Age | 113 | 24.575 | 102 | 25.706 | 1.131* |
[0.479] | [0.444] | ||||
Share that are male | 113 | 0.558 | 102 | 0.647 | 0.09 |
[0.047] | [0.048] | ||||
Share that are married | 113 | 0.398 | 102 | 0.412 | 0.014 |
[0.046] | [0.049] | ||||
Total number of household members | 113 | 8.770 | 102 | 8.392 | –0.378 |
[0.417] | [0.448] | ||||
Female household members | 113 | 3.929 | 102 | 3.892 | –0.037 |
[0.206] | [0.265] | ||||
Male working household members | 113 | 1.044 | 102 | 1.029 | –0.015 |
[0.102] | [0.115] | ||||
Share with concrete floor | 113 | 0.053 | 102 | 0.078 | 0.025 |
[0.021] | [0.027] | ||||
Share with wood floor | 113 | 0.894 | 102 | 0.882 | –0.011 |
[0.029] | [0.032] | ||||
Years of education | 112# | 9.098 | 102 | 9.461 | 0.363 |
[0.196] | [0.198] |
(1) Only in baseline survey | (2) In both baseline and follow-up survey | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean/SE | Mean/SE | (2) - (1) | ||
Age | 78 | 24.051 | 113 | 24.575 | –0.524 |
[0.467] | [0.479] | ||||
Share that are male | 78 | 0.641 | 113 | 0.558 | 0.084 |
[0.055] | [0.047] | ||||
Share that are married | 78 | 0.321 | 113 | 0.398 | –0.078 |
[0.053] | [0.046] | ||||
Years of education | 77 | 9.584 | 112 | 9.098 | 0.486 |
[0.243] | [0.196] | ||||
Household members | 78 | 8.372 | 113 | 8.770 | –0.398 |
[0.491] | [0.417] | ||||
Female household members | 78 | 3.897 | 113 | 3.929 | –0.032 |
[0.269] | [0.206] | ||||
Male working household members | 78 | 1.231 | 113 | 1.044 | 0.187 |
[0.138] | [0.102] | ||||
Share with concrete floor | 78 | 0.128 | 113 | 0.053 | 0.075* |
[0.038] | [0.021] | ||||
Share with wood floor | 78 | 0.808 | 113 | 0.894 | –0.086* |
[0.045] | [0.029] |
Main outcome | Exact question |
---|---|
Formal sector employ- ment in last 6 months | Are you currently in or did you have a part-time or full-time wage job in the past 6 months in the formal sector? (i.e., regular or ongoing employment, not self-employment, or temporary work) |
Average weekly wage from formal sector employment (Kina) | How much money do you earn/did you earn from this work each week? |
Average number of hours worked in a week in for- mal sector employment | How many hours per week on average, do you work or did you work? |
Earned cash in last 4 weeks | We know that you may earn cash from a range of different activities such as informal selling and temporary work. Now I want to consider everything that you have done in the last 4 weeks to earn cash, if you have earned cash. Did you earn any cash from any activities at all in the last 4 weeks? |
Sought job in last 3 months | Have you sought any kind of paid job in the last 3 months? |
(1) Only in baseline survey | (2) In both baseline and Follow-up survey | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean/SE | Mean/SE | (2) - (1) | ||
Age | 62 | 25.726 | 102 | 25.706 | 0.020 |
[0.569] | [0.444] | ||||
Share that are male | 62 | 0.661 | 102 | 0.647 | 0.014 |
[0.061] | [0.048] | ||||
Share that are married | 62 | 0.339 | 102 | 0.412 | –0.073 |
[0.061] | [0.049] | ||||
Years of education | 62 | 10.500 | 102 | 9.461 | 1.039*** |
[0.172] | [0.198] | ||||
Household members | 62 | 7.742 | 102 | 8.392 | –0.650 |
[0.490] | [0.448] | ||||
Female household members | 62 | 3.500 | 102 | 3.892 | –0.392 |
[0.267] | [0.265] | ||||
Male working household members | 62 | 0.871 | 102 | 1.029 | –0.158 |
[0.125] | [0.115] | ||||
Share with concrete floor | 62 | 0.065 | 102 | 0.078 | –0.014 |
[0.031] | [0.027] | ||||
Share with wood floor | 62 | 0.855 | 102 | 0.882 | –0.028 |
[0.045] | [0.032] |
(1) Ineligible youth in intake 13 | (2) Treatment group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Mean/SE | Mean/SE | Difference | ||
Formal sector employment in last 6 months | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.000 | 102 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 0.254 | 102 | 0.412 | 0.158*** |
[0.038] | [0.049] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 0.254 | 102 | 0.412 | 0.158*** |
[0.038] | [0.049] | ||||
Average weekly wage (Kina)# | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.000 | 102 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 70.090 | 102 | 123.255 | 53.165*** |
[8.114] | [7.994] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 70.090 | 102 | 123.255 | 53.165*** |
[8.114] | [7.994] | ||||
Average number of hours worked in a week# | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.000 | 102 | 0.000 | 0 |
[0.000] | [0.000] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 18.754 | 102 | 36.843 | 18.089*** |
[2.196] | [2.545] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 18.754 | 102 | 36.843 | 18.089*** |
[2.196] | [2.545] | ||||
Earned cash in last 4 weeks | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.321 | 102 | 0.343 | 0.022 |
[0.040] | [0.047] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 0.604 | 102 | 0.490 | –0.114* |
[0.042] | [0.050] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 0.284 | 102 | 0.147 | –0.137* |
[0.053] | [0.064] | ||||
Sought job in last 3 months | |||||
Baseline | 134 | 0.052 | 102 | 0.147 | 0.095** |
[0.019] | [0.035] | ||||
Endline | 134 | 0.179 | 102 | 0.324 | 0.144** |
[0.033] | [0.047] | ||||
Difference | 134 | 0.127 | 102 | 0.176 | 0.050 |
[0.036] | [0.060] |