Convergence of blockchain, IoT, and machine learning: exploring opportunities and challenges – a systematic review

With the rapid technological advancement, the convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and machine learning (ML) has a significant revolution across industries, driving them in areas like Industry 4.0, smart cities, and advanced transportation systems. This study presents a comprehensive review of the integration of the IoT, blockchain, and ML technologies, highlighting their transformative impact on diverse industries. It addresses the challenges of scalability, security, and data management posed by the growth of interconnected IoT devices, proposing solutions through advanced algorithms and the integration of blockchain for data security and immutability. By examining real-world applications and reviewing existing literature, this study underscores the potential benefits and complexities of merging these technologies, while also identifying research challenges and future directions. Overall, it offers insights into the innovative constructive collaboration of IoT, blockchain, and ML, which has become the most important of modern technological advances.