Martinez et al. [32] |
Level-ground walking, ramp ascent, and ramp descent. |
3-axis gyroscope and pressure sensors. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Time-domain features |
Adaptive Bayesian Inference method |
McCalmont et al. [35] |
Slow walking, normal walking, Fast walking, stair ascent, and stair descent. |
3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis magnetometer, Pressure sensor array. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Time-domain features and gait-based features. |
Artificial neural network, K-nearest neighbour (KNN), and Random Forest. |
Ng et al. [42] |
Walking, sitting, lying, and falling. |
Sensor tags |
Gait cycle-based method |
Raw sensor data |
KNN and Random |
Lopez et al. [29] |
Level-ground walking, Stair ascent, stair descent, Ramp ascent, and ramp descent. |
3-axis accelerometer |
Gait cycle-based method. |
Time-domain features and frequency-domain features. |
KNN |
Chenet al. [14] |
Walking, running, standing, sitting, stair ascent, and Stair descent. |
3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, Pressure sensor array. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Gait-based features |
Support vector machine (SVM) |
Jeong et al. [23] |
Level-ground walking, ascent. and stair descent. |
Pressure sensors |
Gait cycle-based method |
Raw sensor data |
SVM |
Truong et al. [59] |
Level-ground walking, stair ascent. and stair descent. |
Pressure sensors |
Gait cycle-based method |
Time-domain features |
SVM |
Martinez et al. [33] |
Level-ground walking, ramp ascent, and ramp descent. |
3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, and Pressure sensors. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Time-domain features |
Bayesian formulation Based approach |
Achkaretal. [38] |
Level-ground walking, standing, sitting, stair ascent, stair descent, Ramp ascent, and ramp descent. |
3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis magnetometer, Pressure sensors, and barometric sensor. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Gait-based features. |
Rule-based method. |
Zhao et al. [66] |
Level-ground walking, Stair ascent. stair descent. Ramp ascent, and ramp descent. |
Pressure sensors and electromyography sensors. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Time-domain features. |
SVM |
Mazumder et al. [34] |
Level-ground walking, fast walking, standing, sitting, Stair ascent, stair descent, and ramp ascent. |
3-axis accelerometer, 3-xis gyroscope, and pressure sensors. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Time-domain features, Polynomial coefficients Extracted from hip angle Trajectory and centre-of-pressure (CoP) trajectory. |
SVM |
Camargo et al. [10] |
Level-ground walking, Stair ascent, stair descent, Ramp ascent, and ramp descent. |
3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, goniometer, and îlectromyography sensor. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Time-domain features and frequency-domain features. |
Dynamic Bayesian network |
Ershadi et al. [20] |
Toe level ground walking, Normal level-ground walking, Sitting, and standing. |
Pressure sensors. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Time-domain features. |
Rule based method |
Martindale et al. [31] |
Level-ground walking, sitting, stair ascent, stair descent, jogging, running, cycling, and jumping. |
3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, and pressure sensors. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Raw sensor data. |
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Récurrent Neural Network (RNN). |
Benson et al. [8] |
Normal running and fast running. |
3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope |
Gait cycle-based method |
Time-domain features, frequency-domain features, and wavelet-based features. |
SVM |
Hamdi et al. [22] |
Level-ground walking, Stair ascent, stair descent, ramp ascent, and ramp descent. |
3-axis accelerometer, and 3-axis gyroscope |
Gait cycle-based method |
Gait-based features, time-domain features, frequency-domain, and wavelet-based features. |
Random Forest |
Achkar et al. [39] |
Level-ground walking, standing, sitting, Stair ascent, stair descent, Ramp ascent, and ramp descent. |
3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis magnetometer, pressure sensors, and barometric sensor. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Gait-based features and time-domain features. |
Rule based method |
Xiuhua et al. [27] |
Level-ground walking, Ramp ascent, and ramp descent. |
3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, and pressure sensors. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Gait-based features. |
Class incrémental learning method. |
Ngo et al. [2] |
Level-ground walking, Stair ascent, stair descent, Ramp ascent, and ramp descent. |
3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis gyroscope. |
Gait cycle-based method |
Time-domain features. |
KNN and SVM. |