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Restrictions applied by WTO countries in international trade in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Małgorzata Fronczek
Małgorzata Fronczek
   | 24. Apr. 2024
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Article Category: Empirical Paper
Online veröffentlicht: 24. Apr. 2024
Seitenbereich: -
Eingereicht: 05. Okt. 2023
Akzeptiert: 24. Feb. 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2024-0012
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© 2024 Małgorzata Fronczek, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Value of world exports in the years 2009–2021 (in trillion US$). Source: [WTO Stats, 2023].
Value of world exports in the years 2009–2021 (in trillion US$). Source: [WTO Stats, 2023].

Figure 2.

Volume of world exports in the years 2009–2022 (previous year = 100). Source: [WTO Stats, 2023].
Volume of world exports in the years 2009–2022 (previous year = 100). Source: [WTO Stats, 2023].

Figure 3.

Nontariff measures entered into force* in WTO countries in the years 1995–2021. Source: own elaboration based on: WTO [2023]. NTMs include: SPS, TBT, ADP, CV, QR, TRQ, SG, and XS. Specific trade concerns—TBT and SPS not notified by the imposing country. *Measures entered into force in a given year. As of February 24, 2023. ADP, anti-dumping; CV, countervailing; QR, quantitative restrictions; SG, safeguards and special safeguards; SPS, sanitary and phytosanitary standards; TBT, technical barriers; TRQ, tariff-rate quotas; XS, export subsidies.
Nontariff measures entered into force* in WTO countries in the years 1995–2021. Source: own elaboration based on: WTO [2023]. NTMs include: SPS, TBT, ADP, CV, QR, TRQ, SG, and XS. Specific trade concerns—TBT and SPS not notified by the imposing country. *Measures entered into force in a given year. As of February 24, 2023. ADP, anti-dumping; CV, countervailing; QR, quantitative restrictions; SG, safeguards and special safeguards; SPS, sanitary and phytosanitary standards; TBT, technical barriers; TRQ, tariff-rate quotas; XS, export subsidies.

Figure 4.

Structure of NTMs entered into force in WTO members in the years 2009–2021. Source: own elaboration based on: WTO [2023]. ADP, anti-dumping; CV, countervailing; QR, quantitative restrictions; SG, safeguards and special safeguards; SPS, sanitary and phytosanitary standards; TBT, technical barriers; TRQ, tariff-rate quotas; WTO, World Trade Organization.
Structure of NTMs entered into force in WTO members in the years 2009–2021. Source: own elaboration based on: WTO [2023]. ADP, anti-dumping; CV, countervailing; QR, quantitative restrictions; SG, safeguards and special safeguards; SPS, sanitary and phytosanitary standards; TBT, technical barriers; TRQ, tariff-rate quotas; WTO, World Trade Organization.

Figure 5.

World trade under import restrictions in the years 2009–2021*. Source: WTO [2020, 2021a, 2022], [WTO Stats, 2023]. *The data as of the end of the third quarter.
World trade under import restrictions in the years 2009–2021*. Source: WTO [2020, 2021a, 2022], [WTO Stats, 2023]. *The data as of the end of the third quarter.

Figure 6.

Value* of world trade under import restrictions and facilitations introduced in the years 2012–2021 (in US$ billion). *Value of trade subject to new measures introduced in a given period. Source: WTO [2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019a, 2020, 2021a, 2022].
Value* of world trade under import restrictions and facilitations introduced in the years 2012–2021 (in US$ billion). *Value of trade subject to new measures introduced in a given period. Source: WTO [2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019a, 2020, 2021a, 2022].

Figure 7.

Value of world trade under nontariff measures* introduced in the years 2012–2020 (in US$ billion). *Value of trade subject to new measures introduced in a given period. Applies to measures: ADP, CV, and safeguards. Source: WTO [2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019a, 2020, 2021a]. ADP, anti-dumping. CV, countervailing.
Value of world trade under nontariff measures* introduced in the years 2012–2020 (in US$ billion). *Value of trade subject to new measures introduced in a given period. Applies to measures: ADP, CV, and safeguards. Source: WTO [2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019a, 2020, 2021a]. ADP, anti-dumping. CV, countervailing.

Number of notifications on SPS, CV measures, and TBT reported by WTO members in 2005–2021

Years SPS CV TBT
2005 856 6 897
2006 1,156 8 1,030
2007 1,196 11 1,229
2008 1,264 16 1,523
2009 1,019 28 1,893
2010 1,408 9 1,869
2011 1,391 25 1,773
2012 1,219 23 2,195
2013 1,299 33 2,140
2014 1,634 45 2,240
2015 1,681 31 1,977
2016 1,392 34 2,331
2017 1,479 41 2,580
2018 1,631 55 3,061
2019 1,757 36 3,337
2020 2,122 27 3,354
2021 1,825 11 3,966

Applied average tariffs (MFN)* in years 2017–2021

Tariffs (%) 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Number of countries In% Number of countries In% Number of countries In% Number of countries In% Number of countries In%
0.0–5.0 24 20.5 23 19.5 26 20.0 18 20.0 28 20.4
5.1–10.0 50 42.7 50 42.4 48 36.9 36 40.0 55 40.1
10.1–15.0 37 31.6 39 33.1 48 36.9 34 37.8 47 34.3
Above 15.0 6 5.1 6 5.1 8 6.2 2 2.2 7 5.1
Total 117 100.0 118 100.0 130 100.0 90 100.0 137 100.0

NTMs entered into force in WTO countries in the years 2009–2021 by types

Years SPS SPS STCs TBT TBT STCs ADP CV QR TRQ SG
2009 313 13 254 46 155 9 500 3 128
2010 418 22 291 29 138 19 487 0 77
2011 361 16 225 43 104 10 453 0 86
2012 345 16 236 35 130 10 443 2 87
2013 346 24 206 42 180 13 66 4 44
2014 369 14 194 46 165 12 31 15 40
2015 287 21 471 37 193 14 12 0 21
2016 328 14 458 31 187 26 0 0 6
2017 114 17 224 26 190 18 0 0 9
2018 3 18 113 22 210 28 0 0 12
2019 0 17 143 34 164 35 0 0 21
2020 0 36 161 57 108 24 0 0 13
2021 0 27 297 56 6 0 0 0 9
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