Electricity market |
Compliance with EU state aid rules |
No offtakeHigh price volatility, negative pricesHigh investment risk |
PPA |
OfftakeStable selling prices |
No compliance with EU state aid rules |
CfD, CEAC |
Stable selling pricesState loan guarantees |
No offtakeEC acceptance required case by case |
CfD (Czech version) |
OfftakeStable selling pricesState loan guarantees |
Model waiting for EC acceptance |
RAB |
Stable selling pricesCharging consumers from the beginning of constructionState loan guarantees |
No compliance with EU state aid rules (probably)No offtake |
PTC |
Fixed state subsidy for every megawatt hour (MWh) of electricity generatedRegulatory risk insuranceState (federal) loan guarantees |
No offtakeHigh price volatility, negative pricesNo compliance with EU state aid rules |
ZEC |
Relatively stable selling prices |
No offtakeNo compliance with EU state aid rules |
CES |
A subsidy in market revenue |
No offtakeNo compliance with EU state aid rulesSubsidy value is set by (dynamic) market |
CM |
Covering of fixed production costs |
No offtake (for energy)High price volatility, negative pricesEC acceptance required case by caseShort-term auctionsUnfavorable to units with high fixed costs |
Carbon tax/ETS |
Increasing of costs for coal- and gas-based competitorsCompliance with EU state aid rules |
No offtakeHigh price volatility, negative prices |
Exeltium |
OfftakeContracted sales of large electricity volume at relatively stable (indexed) price |
Price volatility in the long term, dependent on the wholesale market price indexOfftakers have a right to withdrawEC acceptance required case by case (probably) |
Mankala |
OfftakeSelling price covers all production costsCompliance with EU state aid rules |
High risk before and during constructionThe model requires a perfect cooperation of dozens of shareholders |