Perception of formal and informal institutions by entrepreneurs in China, Morocco, and Germany – A cross-cultural pilot study

To what extent do you evaluate the formal institutions (“written rules”) in your country as a chance for the success of your company?

In the context of competing with your most relevant competitors do you think you benefit from formal institutions at the expense of these competitors?

To what extent do you evaluate formal institutions (“written rules”) as an inhibiting factor for the success of your company?

In the context of competing with your most relevant competitors do you think formal institutions will discriminate you in favour of these competitors?

To what extent do you evaluate informal institutions (“unwritten rules”) as a chance for the success of your company?

In the context of competing with your most relevant competitors do you think you benefit from informal institutions at the expense of these competitors?

To what extent do you evaluate informal institutions (“unwritten rules”) as an inhibiting factor for the success of your company?

In the context of competing with your most relevant competitors do you think informal institutions will discriminate you in favor of these competitors?

In your country, to what extent is the judiciary independent from the influences of members of government, citizens, or firms?

In your country, how would you characterize corporate governance (the relationships) by investors and boards of directors?

In your country, how would you rate the corporate ethics of companies (ethical behavior in interactions with public officials, politicians, and other firms)?

In your country, how strong is the protection of property rights, including financial assets?

In your country, how strong is the protection of intellectual property, including anti-counterfeiting measures?

Market-based strategies (formal and impersonal, rule-based, more calculative)

Relationship-based strategies (informal and interpersonal)

I can always manage to solve difficult problems if I try hard enough.

If someone opposes me, I can find the means and ways to get what I want.

It is easy for me to stick to my aims and accomplish my goals.

I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events.

Thanks to my resourcefulness, I know how to handle the unforeseen situation.

I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort.

I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my coping abilities.

If I am in trouble, I can usually think of a solution.

When I am confronted with a problem, I can usually find several solutions.

I can usually handle whatever comes my way.