This paper is the first international standard proposal (draft) of The Ultra Limited Future Network. The development of this proposal (draft) is supported by JTC 1/SC 6/WG 7 working team. The application leader is Dr. Qingsong Zhang (Nanjing Bofeng), and the proposal is proposed by Professor Wang Zhongsheng (Xi'an Technological University). Itu-r and ICAO acted as the focal points during the development process, while cooperating with ECMA, 3GPP and IEEE.
This standard is prepared in accordance with the provisions of the following three documents :
ISO/IEC TR 29181 : Future Network : Problem Statement and Requirements, parts 1–9. ITU-R SM.856-1 : New Spectrally Efficient Techniques and Systems (1992–1997). ITU-R SM.1046-3 : Definition of Spectrum Use Efficiency of a Radio System (2017-09-06).
As an international standard proposal in the field of “industry, Innovation and Infrastructure”, This standard provides classification schemes for MCS Spectral Efficiencies including:
Definition of Modulation and Coding Scheme Spectral Efficiency (MCS SE).
Method for classification of MCS SE.
Naming system of MCS SE.
Examples of the recommended use of SECS.
Potential impact on Future Network Standardization.
The differences between SE and Spectral Utilization Efficiency.
Spectrum efficiency is a key index to measure the level of development of information and communication systems, which can reflect or affect many key performances, including the efficient use of spectrum resources, higher information transmission rates and greater channel capacity and so on. The higher the spectrum efficiency, higher the utilization rates of resource-constrained spectrum resources, higher transmission rates, and greater the information throughput. Therefore, improving spectrum efficiency is one of the most critical objectives of ICT innovation.
With the development of digital information and computer science and technology, the level of spectrum efficiency of information and communication systems is also improving. 20 years ago at the turn of the century, the spectral efficiency of communication systems was still at a very low level of 1–2 bits. After 20 years of development, some areas of technology are already using 10-bit spectrum efficiency technology. Some areas have incorporated 12-bit spectrum efficiency into next-generation technical standard planning.
Based on historical experience and technical characteristics, the speed of improvement of the spectrum efficiency level of information and communication systems will slow down in the future, reaching 16 bits in 20 years and 20 bits in 45 years, which is the result of the congenital limitations of M-QAM modulation and demodulation technology, a key mechanism for improving spectrum efficiency. However, it cannot be ruled out that the emergence of new theories and new technologies in the basic layer of information and communication physics may lead to rapid improvement of spectrum efficiency. An article published in IEEE Access in 2018 by Chinese scientist Professor Li Daoben shows that information systems with up to 2000 bits spectrum efficiency can be achieved using the overlapping multi-domain multiplexing technology (OVXDM) he invented.
High spectrum efficiency will be the main manifestation of ICT levels in the post-Shannon era. In the next ten to twenty years, the discussion and evaluation criteria on the spectral efficiency of communication technology will exceed 20 bits and enter the category of hundreds of bits or even thousands of bits. Communication products will be increasing spectrum efficiency as the main sign of technical level and service capability.
In the existing ITU international standards, RSM.1046-3 provides for the definition of spectrum utilization efficiency and the evaluation methods for the utilization of various systems spectrum, but does not provide a mechanism for classifying MCS spectrum efficiency. Such a mechanism is necessary to discuss, analyze, evaluate, select and manage the spectrum efficiency of future communication systems.
For example, in some technical or policy documents, the discussion of “low spectrum efficiency” and “high spectrum efficiency” can often be seen, but there are no technical specifications to define and interpret these two concepts. How many bits of spectrum efficiency is “low spectrum efficiency”? How many bits of spectrum efficiency is “high spectrum efficiency”? Some documents refer to a 10-bit system as “high spectrum efficiency”, so what category does 16-bit, 20-bit, 32-bit, or even 128-bit spectrum efficiency fall into? Therefore, the two-level classifications of “low spectrum efficiency” and “high spectrum efficiency” cannot meet the future development trend and the need for more accurate spectrum efficiency classification.
In radio spectrum management, there are many classification schemes for spectrum resources. One scheme is dividing frequency resources (RE) into kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, and terahertz. Another method is based on wavelength, dividing RE into categories such as Ultra-Long Wave, Long Wave, Medium Wave, Short Wave, Ultra-Short Wave, Microwave, etc. There is also a classification method by frequency, VLF, Low Frequency, Medium Frequency, Medium High Frequency, High Frequency, VHF, UHF, UHF, UHF, UHF and so on. Another band division method marked by the English Alphabet, dividing RE into L-Band, S-Band, C-Band, X-Band, Ku-Band, K-Band, Ka-Band, and so on.
Using reference to the mechanism of radio frequency band classifications, this standard classifies the spectral efficiencies of the MCS systems, so as to facilitate the classification, discussion, evaluation and comparison of the efficiency of the spectrum of information systems.
Abbreviations of terms
Modulation and Coding Scheme | |
Multiple Input Multiple Output | |
Future Network | |
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing | |
Over-Capacity Communication Systems | |
Overlapped X Domain Division Multiplexing | |
Overlapped Time Domain Division Multiplexing | |
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation | |
Resource Element | |
Relative Spectral Efficiency | |
Spectral Efficiency | |
Spectral Efficiency Index | |
Spectrum Utilization Efficiency | |
Typical SE Indicator |
Over-Capacity Communication: Exchange of information that has higher capacity than the Shannon Limit.
OVXDM: An innovative way of modulation and coding that utilizes multiple domains such as time, frequency, spatial and coding overlapping and multiplexing to achieve higher SE, no coding overhead, higher coding gain and low decoding complexity.
MCS Spectral Efficiency: The maximum amount of useful information sent in one second and per Resource Element (RE in Hz) through a communication system based on its modulation and Coding schemes.
Spectral Utilization Efficiency: the product of the frequency bandwidth, the geometric (geographic) space, and the time denied to other potential users:
Shannon Limit: Also known as Shannon Capacity, defined by Claude Shannon in the 1940s setting the limit of theoretically highest rate of information transmission under certain noise levels for a single channel.
Future Network: An International Standard project developed and managed by ISO/IEC for a new network system based on the clean slate design approach. Publications include ISO/IEC TR 29181 and ISO/IEC 21558–21559.
The SE (Spectral Efficiency) defined in this standard shall not be confused with the Spectrum Efficiency in ITU-RSM.1046-3 (2017). The TABLE II lists these differences:
Comparison of this standard with ITU standards
1 | Source | ISO/IEC | ITU-RSM.1046-3 |
2 | Term | Spectral Efficiency | Spectrum Efficiency |
3 | Abbreviation | MCS SE | USE |
4 | Factor | bps/Hz | |
5 | Considering factors |
Capacity Resource element (Hz) Time (second) |
Bandwidth Geometric space (area) Time |
6 | Improvement method |
Modulation Channel Coding |
Antenna Directivity Geographical Spacing Frequency Sharing Orthogonal Frequency use Time-sharing Time division |
7 | SE Gain potentials | Sky is the limit | Limited potential |
8 | Perspective | Communication system | User |
9 | Service | For all | Denying others |
The MCS spectrum efficiency defined in this standard refers to the number of bits of valid information transmitted per second per hertz frequency resource through technical means such as modulation and channel coding.
The value of MCS spectrum efficiency is relatively fixed. So long as we know the modulation mechanism and channel coding method used, we can deduct the performance level of the theoretical MCS spectrum efficiency. Because of the small variety of modulation mechanism and channel coding methods, some mainstream technology applications are very broad, such as M-QAM technology in the field of modulation and Turbo code and LDPC code in the field of channel coding. Therefore, MCS spectrum efficiency can be used as a general and important index to assess the performance level of ICT in different fields.
Currently, communication systems having SE no higher than 10 bps/Hz, some systems may reach 12 bps/Hz in about five years from now. At such a low SE rate, there is no need for a standard classify SE levels.
However, standards are expected to identify future trends, provide directions for technological development, and to have market relevance lasting decades. Since there have been technical trends indicating potential breakthrough in spectral efficiency, this standard takes into account of SE in the hundreds and thousands bps/Hz range.
MCS SE classification system contains three schemes described in TABLE III.
MCS SE classification system description scheme
A | Two Letter | #-SE | Indicating specific product SE capabilities |
B | Three Letter | VSE | Group SE into category of levels |
C | Four letter | DDSE | Provide an alternative and simpler classification of SE |
D | Two levels | Lower | Make broader range |
The two letter MCS SE classification system uses only two letters “SE” with numbers indicating specific bps/Hz. It is used not for referring to a level or class, but rather to indicate specific SE performance of a product.
Expression description: number of bits (omitting “s/Hz”) with“-“followedby“SE”, indicating “spectral efficiency at specific bps/Hz”.”
Example:
“56-SE”, which means spectral efficiency rate at 56 bps/Hz. “256-SE”, which means spectral efficiency rate at 256 bps/Hz. “1008-SE”, which means spectral efficiency rate at 1008 bps/Hz.
Three letter scheme in MCS SE classification scheme
SEI 1 | BSE | Basic Spectral Efficiency | 0.1~2.0 | 2 |
SEI 2 | LSE | Low Spectral Efficiency | 2.1~5.9 | 5 |
SEI 3 | MSE | Medium Spectral Efficiency | 6~10.9 | 10 |
SEI 4 | HSE | High Spectral Efficiency | 11~15 | 15 |
SEI 5 | VSE | Very-High Spectral Efficiency | 16~20 | 20 |
SEI 6 | USE | Ultra-High Spectral Efficiency | 21~32 | 32 |
SEI 7 | SSE | Super Spectral Efficiency | 33~64 | 64 |
SEI 8 | OSE | One-hundred level spectral efficiency | 65~128 | 128 |
SEI 9 | ESE | Extreme Spectral Efficiency | 129~256 | 256 |
SEI 10 | DSE | 500 Spectral Efficiency | 257~512 | 512 |
SEI 11 | JSE | Jump Level spectral efficiency | 513~999 | 768 |
SEI 12 | 1-KSE | 1K Spectral efficiency | 1000~1999 | 1024 |
SEI 13 | 2-KSE | 2K Spectral efficiency | 2000~2999 | 2048 |
SEI 14 | 3-KSE | 3K Spectral efficiency | 3000~3999 | 3072 |
SEI 15 | 4-KSE | 4K Spectral efficiency | 4000~4999 | 4096 |
SEI 16 | XSE | X Spectral efficiency | 5000~6999 | 6144 |
TSEI is the Typical SE indicator for its class.
As Spectral Efficiency increases, the gaps among the Three Letter Scheme also expand. In SEI 4 and SEI 5, for example, there are only 4 bits differences separating the high from the low. In SEI 9, the gaps are over 200 bits and in SEI 12, the gaps grow to one thousand.
It is anticipated that there will be need for more accurate SE references or comparisons for the upper part of the Three Letter Schemes. In that case and when technological development requires such changes, the Three Letter Scheme may use the following extension Scheme.
Rule 1. No extension needed for indexes SEI 1~6.
Rule 2. The extension in grouped into two index tables, one for SE lower than 1000 bps/Hz (TABLE V) and the other is for SE above 1000 bps/Hz (TABLE VI).
Rule 3. A single double digit decimal number is added to index name to indicate extension numbers.
Rule 4. For SSE and OSE indexes, 5bps/Hz is used as bases for extension unit.
Rule 5. For ESE and DSE indexes, 10bps/Hz is used as bases for extension unit.
Rule 6. For JSE indexes, 20bps/Hz is used as bases for extension unit.
Rule 7. For KSE indexes, 50bps/Hz is used as bases for extension unit.
Rule 8. For XSE indexes, 100bps/Hz is used as bases for extension unit.
Extended index of SE lower than 1000 bps/Hz
SSE 1 | 33–38 | OSE 1 | 65–69 | ESE 1 | 129–139 | DSE 1 | 257–269 | JSE 1 | 513–539 |
SSE 2 | 39–43 | OSE 2 | 70–74 | ESE 2 | 140–149 | DSE 2 | 270–279 | JSE 2 | 540–559 |
SSE 3 | 44–49 | OSE 3 | 75–79 | ESE 3 | 150–159 | DSE 3 | 280–289 | JSE 3 | 560–579 |
SSE 4 | 50–55 | OSE 4 | 80–84 | ESE 4 | 160–169 | DSE 4 | 290–299 | JSE 4 | 580–599 |
SSE 5 | 56–60 | OSE 5 | 85–89 | ESE 5 | 170–179 | DSE 5 | 300–319 | JSE 5 | 600–619 |
SSE 6 | 61–64 | OSE 6 | 90–94 | ESE 6 | 180–189 | DSE 6 | 320–329 | JSE 6 | 620–639 |
OSE 7 | 95–99 | ESE 7 | 190–199 | DSE 7 | 330–339 | JSE 7 | 640–659 | ||
OSE 8 | 100–104 | ESE 8 | 200–209 | DSE 8 | 340–349 | JSE 8 | 660–679 | ||
OSE 9 | 105–109 | ESE 9 | 210–219 | DSE 9 | 350–359 | JSE 9 | 680–699 | ||
OSE 10 | 110–114 | ESE 10 | 220–229 | DSE 10 | 360–369 | JSE 10 | 700–719 | ||
OSE 11 | 115–119 | ESE 11 | 230–239 | DSE 11 | 370–379 | JSE 11 | 720–739 | ||
OSE 12 | 120–124 | ESE 12 | 240–249 | DSE 12 | 380–389 | JSE 12 | 740–759 | ||
OSE 13 | 125–128 | ESE 13 | 250–256 | DSE 13 | 390–399 | JSE 13 | 760–779 | ||
DSE 14 | 400–409 | JSE 14 | 780–799 | ||||||
DSE 15 | 410–419 | JSE 15 | 800–819 | ||||||
DSE 16 | 420–429 | JSE 16 | 820–839 | ||||||
DSE 17 | 430–439 | JSE 17 | 840–859 | ||||||
DSE 18 | 440–449 | JSE 18 | 860–879 | ||||||
DSE 19 | 450–459 | JSE 19 | 880–899 | ||||||
DSE 20 | 460–469 | JSE 20 | 900–919 | ||||||
DSE 21 | 470–479 | JSE 21 | 920–939 | ||||||
DSE 22 | 480–489 | JSE 22 | 940–959 | ||||||
DSE 23 | 490–499 | JSE 23 | 960–979 | ||||||
DSE 24 | 500–512 | JSE 24 | 980–999 |
Extended index of KSE and XSE (SE above 1000 bps/Hz)
1KSE 1 | 1000–1049 | 2KSE 1 | 2000–2049 | 3KSE 1 | 3000–3049 | 4KSE 1 | 4000–4049 | XSE 1 | 5000–5099 |
1KSE 2 | 1050–1099 | 2KSE 2 | 2050–2099 | 3KSE 2 | 3050–3099 | 4KSE 2 | 4050–4099 | XSE 2 | 5100–5199 |
1KSE 3 | 1100–1140 | 2KSE 3 | 2100–2140 | 3KSE 3 | 3100–3140 | 4KSE 3 | 4100–4140 | XSE 3 | 5200–5299 |
1KSE 4 | 1150–1199 | 2KSE 4 | 2150–2199 | 3KSE 4 | 3150–3199 | 4KSE 4 | 4150–4199 | XSE 4 | 5300–5399 |
1KSE 5 | 1200–1249 | 2KSE 5 | 2200–2249 | 3KSE 5 | 3200–3249 | 4KSE 5 | 4200–4249 | XSE 5 | 5400–5499 |
1KSE 6 | 1250–1299 | 2KSE 6 | 2250–2299 | 3KSE 6 | 3250–3299 | 4KSE 6 | 4250–4299 | XSE 6 | 5500–5599 |
1KSE 7 | 1300–1349 | 2KSE 7 | 2300–2349 | 3KSE 7 | 3300–3349 | 4KSE 7 | 4300–4349 | XSE 7 | 5600–5699 |
1KSE 8 | 1350–1399 | 2KSE 8 | 2350–2399 | 3KSE 8 | 3350–3399 | 4KSE 8 | 3350–4399 | XSE 8 | 5700–5799 |
1KSE 9 | 1400–1449 | 2KSE 9 | 2400–2449 | 3KSE 9 | 3400–3449 | 4KSE 9 | 4400–4449 | XSE 9 | 5800–5899 |
1KSE 10 | 1450–1499 | 2KSE 10 | 2450–2499 | 3KSE 10 | 3450–3499 | 4KSE 10 | 4450–4499 | XSE 10 | 5900–5999 |
1KSE 11 | 1500–1549 | 2KSE 11 | 2500–2549 | 3KSE 11 | 3500–3549 | 4KSE 11 | 4500–4549 | XSE 11 | 6000–6099 |
1KSE 12 | 1550–1599 | 2KSE 12 | 2550–2599 | 3KSE 12 | 3550–3599 | 4KSE 12 | 4550–4599 | XSE 12 | 6100–6199 |
1KSE 13 | 1600–1649 | 2KSE 13 | 2600–2649 | 3KSE 13 | 3600–3649 | 4KSE 13 | 4600–4649 | XSE 13 | 6200–6299 |
1KSE 14 | 1650–1699 | 2KSE 14 | 2650–2699 | 3KSE 14 | 3650–3699 | 4KSE 14 | 4650–4699 | XSE 14 | 6300–6399 |
1KSE 15 | 1700–1749 | 2KSE 15 | 2700–2749 | 3KSE 15 | 3700–3749 | 4KSE 15 | 4700–4749 | XSE 15 | 6400–6499 |
1KSE 16 | 1750–1799 | 2KSE 16 | 2750–2799 | 3KSE 16 | 3750–3799 | 4KSE 16 | 4750–4799 | XSE 16 | 6500–6599 |
1KSE 17 | 1800–1849 | 2KSE 17 | 2800–2849 | 3KSE 17 | 3800–3849 | 4KSE 17 | 4800–4849 | XSE 17 | 6600–6699 |
1KSE 18 | 1850–1899 | 2KSE 18 | 2850–2899 | 3KSE 18 | 3850–3899 | 4KSE 18 | 4850–4899 | XSE 18 | 6700–6799 |
1KSE 19 | 1900–1949 | 2KSE 19 | 2900–2949 | 3KSE 19 | 3900–3949 | 4KSE 19 | 4900–4949 | XSE 19 | 6800–6899 |
1KSE 20 | 1950–1999 | 2KSE 20 | 2950–2999 | 3KSE 20 | 3950–3999 | 4KSE 20 | 4950–4999 | XSE 20 | 6900–6999 |
Four letter scheme in MCS SE classification scheme
1 | SDSE | Single Digits Spectral Efficiency | 0–9 | BSE, LSE, MSE |
2 | DDSE | Double Digits Spectral Efficiency | 10–99 | HSE, VSE, USE, SSE, OSE |
3 | TDSE | Triple Digits Spectral Efficiency | 100–999 | ESE, DSE, JSE |
4 | QDSE | Quadruple Digits Spectral Efficiency | 1000–9999 | M-KSE, XSE |
Comparison scheme of MCS SE classification scheme
1 | L | lower | none | All levers below a specific class |
2 | H | higher | none | All levers above a specific class |
This standard is giving the original title “OCC-STD 21001”, established by the developer institution. When adopted into other standard systems such as China's Industry standard, National Standard, ISO standard and ITU standard, the title and number may be reassigned. Before then, “OCC-STD 21001” is the only source for MCS SE classifications.
In the future, when making references to the classification schemes, it is recommended that a note is included in the document that the SE classifications are defined in “OCC-STD 21001 (2021)” developed by Nanjing Bofeng Communication Technologies Ltd.
In 2023, the company is expected to deliver communications systems utilizing innovative modulation schemes that can provide VSE level spectral efficiency defined in “OCC-STD 21001”.
Comparing MCS spectral efficiency, the two products belong to two generations with Sample A is only at the VSE level while Sample B contains USE modulation technology.
Industry consensus is that the KSE level spectral efficiency technology is only a few years away.
Some experts anticipate that entering the next decade, communication systems can reach the QDSE level Spectral Efficiency as defined in the Four Letter Classification System in “OCC-STD 21001”.
When use these two expressions, they shall be accompanied with reference to a specific SE class level.
Example:
So far, the most advanced wireless communication system have MCS spectral efficiencies lower than the VSE level as defined in “OCC-STD 21001”.
It is expected that products with higher spectral efficiency than the VSE level will enter service by 2025.
The new system has backward compatibility design providing continuous support to MCS SE levels of.
When referring specific SE rate, the following statement are examples:
“Bofeng.com offers two radio systems that operate at SSE level spectral efficiency as defined in “OCC-STD 21001”. Radio A system has 48-SE modulation scheme and Radio B system has 64-SE capabilities. Product specification: MCS SE: 32-SE, 48-SE and 64-SE. This description indicates the system contains three types of MCS supporting three SE rates.
Future Network is an International Standardization project created and managed by ISO/IEC. The project has produced technical reports in ISO/IEC TR 29181 series and is in the process setting architectures and protocols. The project is known for its distinctive “clean slate design” approach and works on fundamental structural innovations to allow Future Network deliver its promises.
Making MCS-SE classification system a Future Network standardization item can benefit the project in many ways. Firstly, ISO/IEC Future Network will become the first international standards adopting a MCS SE classification system; Secondly, Other standardization bodies may adopt this system or make normative reference to this standard; Thirdly, ISO/IEC Future Network becomes the first standard indicating future trends in MCS SE development; Fourthly, the inclusion of three digits and four digits MCS SE in Future Network standards will reflect the huge potential of network performance and capabilities; and finally, the successful adoption of this standard will open the door of ISO/IEC Future Network standards to future technologies that achieve higher and higher MCS SE.
ISO/IEC Future Network should prepare itself for future breakthrough in SE technology and make plans to adapt Future Network to the fast changing “Post Shannon Era” technological revolutions.
王中生
新型网络与检测控制国家实验室
西安工业大学
中国陕西省西安市未央区学府中路 No.2 号
张庆松
新型网络与检测控制国家实验室
西安工业大学
中国陕西省西安市未央区学府中路 No.2 号
本文是超限未来网络的第一项国际标准提案 (草案),该提案(草案)的开发,依托于 JTC 1/SC 6/WG 7 工作团队,申请负责人是张庆松博 士(南京博峰),提案的提议人是王中生教授 (西安工业大学),开发过程中作为联络人的 团队是 ITU-R 和 ICAO,同时联合 ECMA、3GPP 和 IEEE 三个组织进行合作开发。
本文按照以下三份文件的规定进行拟定:
ISO/IEC TR 29181:未来网络:问题陈述和 要求,第 1-9 部分; ITU-R SM.856-1:新频谱效率技术和系统 (1992–1997); ITU-R SM.1046-3:无线电系统频谱使用效率 的定义(2017-09-06)。
本文作为一份“工业、创新和基础建设”领 域的国际标准提案(草案),提供了调制编码 方案频谱效率 MCS SE(Modulation and Coding Scheme Spectral Efficiency)的分类方案,包括 以下六个方面:
MCS SE 的定义; MCS SE 的分类方法; MCS SE 的命名体系; SECS 推荐使用的示例; 对未来网络标准化的潜在影响; 频谱效率 SE 和频谱利用效率之间的不同点。
频谱效率是衡量信息通信系统发展水平的一 个关键指标,它可以反应甚至影响诸多关键性 能指标,包括频谱资源的有效利用率、信息传 输率、信道容量等等。频谱效率越高,资源受 限频谱的资源利用率就越高,同时传输速率越 高,那么信息吞吐量也就越大。因此,提高频 谱效率是信息通信技术(ICT)创新最关键的目 标之一。
随着数字信息和计算机科学技术的发展,信 息通信系统的频谱效率水平也在不断提高。20 年前的通信系统频谱效率还处于很低的水平, 仅有 1 到 2 个比特。经过 20 年的发展,部分技 术领域已经采用了 10 比特的频谱效率技术,更 有一些领域已经将 12 比特频谱效率纳入下一代 技术标准规划中。
但是,上述这一发展速度并不是直线上升的。 根据历史经验和技术特点分析, 由于多进制正 交调幅(M-QAM)调制和反调制技术的先天限 制,未来的信息和通讯系统的频谱效率水平的 发展速度将放缓,预计在 20 年内达到 16 比特, 45 年内达到 20 比特,而突破这一限制也是提高 频谱效率的关键机制。与此同时,也不能排除 由于信息通信物理基础层新理论和新技术的出 现,而导致频谱效率的快速提高的可能性。
在后香农时代,高频谱效率将会成为信息通 讯技术(ICT)水平的主要表现形式。在接下来 的十到二十年内,对通信技术频谱效率的讨论 和评价标准将超过 20 比特,达到几百比特甚至 几千比特。通讯产品也将会促进频谱效率作为 主要技术水平及服务能力的标志。
在 现 有 的 国 际 电 信 联 盟 ( ITU )标准 RSM.1046-3 中规定了频谱利用效率的定义和 使用各种系统频谱的评估方法,但没有提供调 制编码方案(MCS)频谱效率的分类机制。而 这种机制,对未来通信系统频谱效率的讨论、 分析、评估、选择和管理是必需的。
例如,在一些技术或政策文件中,经常可以 看到对“低频谱效率”和“高频谱效率”的讨 论,但没有技术规范来定义和解释这两个概念。 多少比特的频谱效率是“低频谱效率”? 多少位 的频谱效率是“高频谱效率”? 相当一部分的划 分方式中,将 10 比特系统称为“高频谱效率”, 那么 16 比特、20 比特、32 比特甚至 128 比特 的频谱效率如何归类呢? 因此,仅仅只有“低频 谱效率”和“高频谱效率”这两级分类标准是不 能满足未来发展趋势和更精确的频谱效率分类 的需要的。
在无线电频谱管理中,对频谱资源有多种分 类方案,这里我们列举其中四种方案:①将频 率资源(RE)划分为千赫兹、兆赫、千兆赫兹和 太赫兹;②基于波长,将频率资源(RE)分为 超长波、长波、中波、短波、超短波、微波等 类别;③按频率分类的方法,即超低频(VLF)、 低频、中频、中高频、高频、极高频(VHF)、 超高频(UHF)等;④以英文字母为标志,将 频谱资源 RE 分为 L-波段、S-波段、C-波段、 X-波段、Ku-波段、K-波段、Ka-波段等。
本标准参考射频频带分类机制,对 MCS 系 统的频谱效率进行分类,便于对信息系统的频 谱效率进行分类、讨论、评价和比较。
术语缩写示例
MCS | Modulation and Coding Scheme | 调制编码方案 |
MIMO | Multiple Input Multiple Output | 多入多出技术 |
FN | Future Network | 未来网络 |
OFDM | Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing | 正交频分复用 |
OCCS | Over-Capacity Communication Systems | 超容量通讯系统 |
OVXDM | Overlapped X Domain Division Multiplexing | 重叠 X 分域复用系统 |
OVTDM | Overlapped Time Domain Division Multiplexing | 重叠时分域复用系统 |
QAM | Quadrature Amplitude Modulation | 正交调幅 |
RE | Resource Element | 资源元素 |
RSE | Relative Spectral Efficiency | 相对频谱效率 |
SE | Spectral Efficiency | 频谱效率 |
SEI | Spectral Efficiency Index | 频谱效率指标 |
SUE | Spectrum Utilization Efficiency | 频谱使用效率 |
TSEI | Typical SE Indicator | 经典频谱效率指示器 |
超容量通讯:信息交换的容量超过香农限制。
OVXDM:一种创新的调制编码方式,利用 时间、频率、空间等多个域以及编码的重叠和 多路复用,以达到更高的频谱效率,无编码开 销,更高的编码增益和解码的低复杂度。
调制编码方案的频谱效率:根据通信系统的 调制和编码方案,每一资源单元(RE 以 H 为单 位)每秒发送的最大有用信息量。
频谱使用率:频率带宽、几何(地理)空间 和 时 间 的 乘 积 , 不 包 含 其 他 潜 在 因 子 :U = B · S ·T
香农限制:又称香农容量,在十九世纪四十 年代由 Claude Shannon 定义,为单一信道在一 定噪声水平下设定理论上最高的信息传输速率 的极限。
未来网络:一个由 ISO/IEC 开发和管理的国 际标准项目,它是基于全新的网络系统设计方 法。出版物包括 ISO/IEC TR 29181 和 ISO/IEC 21558-21559。
本标准中定义的 SE(频谱效率)不应该与 ITU-RSM.1046-3 (2017)中的频谱效率混淆。下面的表格所列的是它们之间的区别:
本标准与 ITU 标准对比
1 | 来源 | ISO/IEC | ITU-RSM.1046-3 |
2 | 术语 | Spectral Efficiency | Spectrum Efficiency |
3 | 缩写词 | MCS SE | USE |
4 | 因子 | 波特率 bps/Hz | U=B·S·T |
5 | 考虑因素 |
容量 资源元素 (赫兹 Hz) 时间 (秒) |
带宽 几何空间 (空间) 时间 |
6 | 改进方法 |
调制 通道编码 |
天线指向性 地理空间 频率公用 正交频率使用 分时技术 时间划分 |
7 | SE 增益潜力 | 空域限制了 SE 增益 | SE 增益是有限的 |
8 | 视角 | 通讯系统 | 用户 |
9 | 服务 | 对所有开放 | 拒绝其他的使用 |
本标准定义的 MCS 频谱效率是指通过调制 和信道编码等技术手段,而获得的每赫兹频率 资源每秒传输的有效信息位数。
MCS 的频谱效率值是相对固定的,只要知道 所使用的调制机制和信道编码方法,就可以推 导出 MCS 频谱效率在理论上的性能水平。由于 调制机制和信道编码方法种类较少,于是一些主流技术的应用非常广泛,如调制领域中的 M-QAM 技术以及信道编码领域中的 Turbo 码 和 LDPC 码。因此,MCS 频谱效率可以作为衡 量 ICT 在不同领域性能水平的一个通用且重要 的指标。
目前,通信系统的 SE 不高于 10bps/Hz,一些系统可能在大约 5 年后达到 12bps/Hz。在如 此低的 SE 比率下,没有必要对 SE 水平进行标 准分类。
然而,人们期望这样的一个标准能够指向未 来的趋势,为技术发展提供方向,并具有持续 数十年的市场相关性。由于有技术趋势表明在 频谱效率方面有潜在的突破,本标准考虑了在 数百和数千 bps/Hz 范围内的频谱效率。
MCS SE 分类系统包括下表中描述的三种方案:
MCS SE 分类系统描述方案
方案 | 特征 | 版本 | 目的 |
---|---|---|---|
A | 两个字母 | #-SE | 表示特定产品 SE 能力 |
B | 三个字母 | VSE | 将 SE 按级别类别分组 |
C | 四个字母 | DDSE | 提供一个可替代的、更简单的SE 分类 |
D | 二级 | Lower | 更广泛的级别 |
两个字母的 MCS SE 分类系统只使用两个字母“SE”和数字显示特定的 bps/Hz. 它不是用 于引用级别或类,而是用于指示产品的特定 SE 性能。
表达式描述:带“-”后跟“SE”的比特数(省略 “s/Hz”),表示“特定 bps/Hz 下的频谱效率”。
例如:
“56-SE” 表示 56bps/Hz 的频谱效率。 “256-SE” 表示 256bps/Hz 的频谱效率。 “1008-SE” 表示 1008bps/Hz 的频谱效率。
MCS SE 分类方案中的三字母方案
SEI 1 | BSE | Basic Spectral Efficiency |
0.1~2.0 | 2 |
SEI 2 | LSE | Low Spectral Efficiency |
2.1~5.9 | 5 |
SEI 3 | MSE | Medium Spectral Efficiency |
6~10.9 | 10 |
SEI 4 | HSE | High Spectral Efficiency |
11~15 | 15 |
SEI 5 | VSE | Very-High Spectral Efficiency |
16~20 | 20 |
SEI 6 | USE | Ultra-High Spectral Efficiency |
21~32 | 32 |
SEI 7 | SSE | Super Spectral Efficiency |
33~64 | 64 |
SEI 8 | OSE | One-hundred level spectral efficiency |
65~128 | 128 |
SEI 9 | ESE | Extreme Spectral Efficiency |
129~256 | 256 |
SEI 10 | DSE | 500 Spectral Efficiency |
257~512 | 512 |
SEI 11 | JSE | Jump Level spectral efficiency |
513~999 | 768 |
SEI 12 | 1-KSE | 1K Spectral efficiency |
1000~1999 | 1024 |
SEI 13 | 2-KSE | 2K Spectral efficiency |
2000~2999 | 2048 |
SEI 14 | 3-KSE | 3K Spectral efficiency |
3000~3999 | 3072 |
SEI 15 | 4-KSE | 4K Spectral efficiency |
4000~4999 | 4096 |
SEI 16 | XSE | X Spectral efficiency |
5000~6999 | 6144 |
TSEI 该等级下的典型SE 指标.
随着频谱效率的提高,三字母方案之间的差 距也随之扩大。例如,在 SEI4 和 SEI5 中,只 有 4 字节差将高电平和低电平分开。在 SEI9 中, 间隙超过 200 字节,而在 SEI12 中,间隙增加 到 1000 字节。
对于三个字母方案的上部,预计需要更加准 确的 SE 参考资料或是比较方式。在这种情况下, 当技术发展需要这样的改变时,三字母方案可 以使用下列八条规则进行拓展:
规则 1. SEI1~6 不需要拓展; 规则 2. 拓展的分组被分为两张索引表,一张是如表 5 所示的 SE 低于 1000bps/Hz 的情况, 另一张是如表 6 所示的 SE 高于 1000bps/Hz 的情况; 规则 3. 一个简单的两位十进制数被添加到 索引名字中来表示拓展数字; 规则 4. 对于 SSE 和 OSE 索引,5bps/Hz 作为扩展单元的基础; 规则 5. 对于 ESE 和 DSE 索引,10bps/Hz 作为扩展单元的基础; 规则 6. 对于 JSE 索引,20bps/Hz 作为扩展单元的基础; 规则 7. 对于 KSE 索引,50bps/Hz 作为扩展单元的基础; 规则 8. 对于 XSE 索引,100bps/Hz 作为扩展单元的基础。
低于 1000SE 的拓展
SSE 1 | 33–38 | OSE 1 | 65–69 | ESE 1 | 129–139 | DSE 1 | 257–269 | JSE 1 | 513–539 |
SSE 2 | 39–43 | OSE 2 | 70–74 | ESE 2 | 140–149 | DSE 2 | 270–279 | JSE 2 | 540–559 |
SSE 3 | 44–49 | OSE 3 | 75–79 | ESE 3 | 150–159 | DSE 3 | 280–289 | JSE 3 | 560–579 |
SSE 4 | 50–55 | OSE 4 | 80–84 | ESE 4 | 160–169 | DSE 4 | 290–299 | JSE 4 | 580–599 |
SSE 5 | 56–60 | OSE 5 | 85–89 | ESE 5 | 170–179 | DSE 5 | 300–319 | JSE 5 | 600–619 |
SSE 6 | 61–64 | OSE 6 | 90–94 | ESE 6 | 180–189 | DSE 6 | 320–329 | JSE 6 | 620–639 |
OSE 7 | 95–99 | ESE 7 | 190–199 | DSE 7 | 330–339 | JSE 7 | 640–659 | ||
OSE 8 | 100–104 | ESE 8 | 200–209 | DSE 8 | 340–349 | JSE 8 | 660–679 | ||
OSE 9 | 105–109 | ESE 9 | 210–219 | DSE 9 | 350–359 | JSE 9 | 680–699 | ||
OSE 10 | 110–114 | ESE 10 | 220–229 | DSE 10 | 360–369 | JSE 10 | 700–719 | ||
OSE 11 | 115–119 | ESE 11 | 230–239 | DSE 11 | 370–379 | JSE 11 | 720–739 | ||
OSE 12 | 120–124 | ESE 12 | 240–249 | DSE 12 | 380–389 | JSE 12 | 740–759 | ||
OSE 13 | 125–128 | ESE 13 | 250–256 | DSE 13 | 390–399 | JSE 13 | 760–779 | ||
DSE 14 | 400–409 | JSE 14 | 780–799 | ||||||
DSE 15 | 410–419 | JSE 15 | 800–819 | ||||||
DSE 16 | 420–429 | JSE 16 | 820–839 | ||||||
DSE 17 | 430–439 | JSE 17 | 840–859 | ||||||
DSE 18 | 440–449 | JSE 18 | 860–879 | ||||||
DSE 19 | 450–459 | JSE 19 | 880–899 | ||||||
DSE 20 | 460–469 | JSE 20 | 900–919 | ||||||
DSE 21 | 470–479 | JSE 21 | 920–939 | ||||||
DSE 22 | 480–489 | JSE 22 | 940–959 | ||||||
DSE 23 | 490–499 | JSE 23 | 960–979 | ||||||
DSE 24 | 500–512 | JSE 24 | 980–999 |
KSE 和 XSE 拓展索引
1000–1049 | 2000–2049 | 3000–3049 | 4000–4049 | 5000–5099 | |||||
1050–1099 | 2050–2099 | 3050–3099 | 4050–4099 | 5100–5199 | |||||
1100–1140 | 2100–2140 | 3100–3140 | 4100–4140 | 5200–5299 | |||||
1150–1199 | 2150–2199 | 3150–3199 | 4150–4199 | 5300–5399 | |||||
1200–1249 | 2200–2249 | 3200–3249 | 4200–4249 | 5400–5499 | |||||
1250–1299 | 2250–2299 | 3250–3299 | 4250–4299 | 5500–5599 | |||||
1300–1349 | 2300–2349 | 3300–3349 | 4300–4349 | 5600–5699 | |||||
1350–1399 | 2350–2399 | 3350–3399 | 3350–4399 | 5700–5799 | |||||
1400–1449 | 2400–2449 | 3400–3449 | 4400–4449 | 5800–5899 | |||||
1450–1499 | 2450–2499 | 3450–3499 | 4450–4499 | 5900–5999 | |||||
1500–1549 | 2500–2549 | 3500–3549 | 4500–4549 | 6000–6099 | |||||
1550–1599 | 2550–2599 | 3550–3599 | 4550–4599 | 6100–6199 | |||||
1600–1649 | 2600–2649 | 3600–3649 | 4600–4649 | 6200–6299 | |||||
1650–1699 | 2650–2699 | 3650–3699 | 4650–4699 | 6300–6399 | |||||
1700–1749 | 2700–2749 | 3700–3749 | 4700–4749 | 6400–6499 | |||||
1750–1799 | 2750–2799 | 3750–3799 | 4750–4799 | 6500–6599 | |||||
1800–1849 | 2800–2849 | 3800–3849 | 4800–4849 | 6600–6699 | |||||
1850–1899 | 2850–2899 | 3850–3899 | 4850–4899 | 6700–6799 | |||||
1900–1949 | 2900–2949 | 3900–3949 | 4900–4949 | 6800–6899 | |||||
1950–1999 | 2950–2999 | 3950–3999 | 4950–4999 | 6900–6999 |
MCS SE 分类方案中的四字母方案
标题 | 完整标题 | SE (bps/Hz) | 相对与 B 类 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | SDSE | Single Digits Spectral Efficiency |
0–9 | BSE,LSE,MSE |
2 | DDSE | Double Digits Spectral Efficiency |
10–99 | HSE,VSE,USE,SSE,OSE |
3 | TDSE | Triple Digits Spectral Efficiency |
100–999 | ESE,DSE,JSE |
4 | QDSE | Quadruple Digits Spectral Efficiency |
1000–9999 | M-KSE,XSE |
MCS SE 分类方案中的比较方案
标题 | 完整标题 | SE (bps/Hz) | 与其他范畴的关系 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | L | 低 | 无 | 所有低于特定类别的等级 |
2 | H | 高 | 无 | 所有高于特定类别的等级 |
对本项标准内容的引用描述,可以参考以下形式。
本标准的原名是“OCC-STD 21001”,由开发机构制定。在纳入中国行业标准、国家标准、 ISO 标准、国际电联标准等其他标准体系时,可对标题和编号进行重新分配。在此之前, “OCC-STD 21001”是 MCS SE 分类的唯一来源。
今后在参考分类方案时,建议在文件中注明 SE 分类在南京博丰通信技术有限公司开发的 “OCC-STD 21001(2021)”中进行定义。
(1)在 2023 年,该公司有望交付使用创新 调制方案的通信系统,可以提供 “OCC-STD 21001”中定义的 VSE 级频谱效率。
(2)比较 MCS 的频谱效率,两个产品属于 两代,A 样本仅在 VSE 水平,B 样本包含 USE 调制技术。
(3)行业共识是,KSE 级的频谱效率技术 只需要几年的时间。
(4)一些专家预计,进入下一个十年,通信 系统可以达到“OCC-STD 21001”四字母分类系 统中定义的 QDSE 级频谱效率。
当使用这两个表达方式时,它们应该伴随着一个具体的 SE 分类水平,以便于比较。
(1)到目前为止,最先进的无线通信系统的 MCS 频谱效率低于“OCC-STD 21001”中定义的 VSE 水平。 (2)预计到 2025 年,频谱效率高于 VSE 水 平的产品将投入使用。 (3)新系统具有向后兼容设计,提供对 MCS SE 级的持续支持。
当参考专用 SE 比率时,下面两种情况为例:
(1)“Bofeng.com”提供两个无线电系统, 按照“OCC-STD 21001”中定义的 SSE 级频谱效 率运行。射频 A 系统具有 48-SE 调制方案,射 频 B 系统具有 64-SE 调制能力 (2)产品规格:MCS SE:32-SE、48-SE 和 64-SE。说明系统包含三种类型的 MCS,支持 三种 SE 速率。
未来网络是一个由 ISO/IEC 创建和管理的国 际标准化项目。该项目已经产生了 ISO/IEC TR 29181 系列的技术报告,并正处于设置体系架构 和协议的阶段。该项目以其独特的“全新设计” 方式而闻名,并致力于基本的结构创新,以使 得未来网络实现其所承诺的目标。
将 MCS-SE 分类系统作为未来网络标准化项 目,对项目的建设有多方面的好处。首先, ISO/IEC 未来网络将成为第一个采用 MCS SE 分类系统的国际标准;第二,其他标准化机构 可以采用该体系或对本标准进行规范引用;第 三,ISO/IEC 未来网络成为第一个预示 MCS SE 未来发展趋势的标准;第四,未来网络标准中 包含三比特和四比特的 MCS SE 将反映出网络 表现和容量的巨大潜力;最后,该标准的成功 采用将打开 ISO/IEC 未来网络标准的大门,以 实现越来越高的 MCS SE 的未来技术。
ISO/IEC 未来网络应该为 SE 技术的未来突破 做好准备,并制定计划,使未来网络适应快速 变化的“后香农时代”技术革命。