Advancements in Offensive Language Detection: A Comprehensive Review and Experimental Analysis
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20. Feb. 2025
Über diesen Artikel
Online veröffentlicht: 20. Feb. 2025
Seitenbereich: 162 - 179
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ias-2024-0012
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© 2024 C. Nalini et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
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Imbalanced Dataset without Translation
| Type | Algorithm | F1 Score (%) | Time (s) | Kappa (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BOW | Bernoulli Naive Bayes | 88 | 0.08 | 27 |
| Support Vector Machine | 88 | 1281.27 | 45 | |
| Logistic Regression | 89 | 2.35 | 45 | |
| K-Nearest Neighbor | 86 | 0.03 | 0 | |
| TF-IDF | Bernoulli Naive Bayes | 88 | 0.07 | 27 |
| Support Vector Machine | 89 | 469.69 | 47 | |
| Logistic Regression | 88 | 1.4 | 42 | |
| K-Nearest Neighbor | 86 | 0.03 | 1 | |
| Word2Vec | Bernoulli Naive Bayes | 74 | 0.13 | 26 |
| Support Vector Machine | 86 | 747.66 | 0 | |
| Logistic Regression | 86 | 2.57 | 14 | |
| K-Nearest Neighbor | 86 | 0.05 | 4 |
Balanced Dataset with Translation
| Type | Algorithm | F1 Score (%) | Time (s) | Kappa (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BOW | Bernoulli Naive Bayes | 71 | 73 | 0.17 |
| Support Vector Machine | 75 | 78 | 2845.36 | |
| Logistic Regression | 75 | 76 | 3.2 | |
| K-Nearest Neighbor | 18 | 54 | 0.06 | |
| TF-IDF | Bernoulli Naive Bayes | 76 | 74 | 0.32 |
| Support Vector Machine | 75 | 76 | 1207.85 | |
| Logistic Regression | 74 | 75 | 1.53 | |
| K-Nearest Neighbor | 26 | 52 | 0.07 | |
| Word2Vec | Bernoulli Naive Bayes | 65 | 69 | 0.27 |
| Support Vector Machine | 67 | 72 | 1912.06 | |
| Logistic Regression | 69 | 72 | 5.97 | |
| K-Nearest Neighbor | 65 | 71 | 0.07 |
Balanced Dataset without Translation
| Type | Algorithm | F1 Score (%) | Time (s) | Kappa (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BOW | Bernoulli Naive Bayes | 80 | 82 | 0.35 |
| Support Vector Machine | 82 | 83 | 4290.71 | |
| Logistic Regression | 82 | 83 | 5.2 | |
| K-Nearest Neighbor | 16 | 54 | 0.06 | |
| TF-IDF | Bernoulli Naive Bayes | 86 | 85 | 0.17 |
| Support Vector Machine | 85 | 85 | 1698.51 | |
| Logistic Regression | 82 | 83 | 2.46 | |
| K-Nearest Neighbor | 7 | 52 | 0.06 | |
| Word2Vec | Bernoulli Naive Bayes | 62 | 66 | 0.27 |
| Support Vector Machine | 68 | 72 | 1645.81 | |
| Logistic Regression | 70 | 73 | 7.39 | |
| K-Nearest Neighbor | 68 | 72 | 0.07 |
Imbalanced Dataset with Translation
| Type | Algorithm | F1 Score (%) | Time (s) | Kappa (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BOW | Bernoulli Naive Bayes | 86 | 0.35 | 25 |
| Support Vector Machine | 86 | 4290.71 | 25 | |
| Logistic Regression | 87 | 5.2 | 29 | |
| K-Nearest Neighbor | 86 | 0.06 | 0 | |
| TF-IDF | Bernoulli Naive Bayes | 86 | 0.17 | 25 |
| Support Vector Machine | 87 | 1698.51 | 22 | |
| Logistic Regression | 87 | 2.46 | 28 | |
| K-Nearest Neighbor | 86 | 0.06 | 0 | |
| Word2Vec | Bernoulli Naive Bayes | 73 | 0.12 | 26 |
| Support Vector Machine | 86 | 444.38 | 0 | |
| Logistic Regression | 86 | 4.3 | 6 | |
| K-Nearest Neighbor | 86 | 0.05 | 10 |