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Vertical distribution of soil free-living nematode in a playa habitat in the North-Western Negev desert, Israel

C. Hu
C. Hu
, 
S. Pen-Mouratov
S. Pen-Mouratov
 und 
Y. Steinberger
Y. Steinberger
   | 19. Nov. 2020
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Article Category: Research Article
Online veröffentlicht: 19. Nov. 2020
Seitenbereich: 361 - 375
Eingereicht: 13. Dez. 2019
Akzeptiert: 04. Mai 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2020-0043
Schlüsselwörter
© 2020 C. Hu, S. Pen-Mouratov, Y. Steinberger, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Vertical distribution of total number of nematode at five soil depths in the playa and loessial plain areas during the dry and wet seasons. PD-playa area during the dry season; PW-playa area during the wet season; CD-loessial plain area during the dry season; CW-loessial plain area during the wet season.
Vertical distribution of total number of nematode at five soil depths in the playa and loessial plain areas during the dry and wet seasons. PD-playa area during the dry season; PW-playa area during the wet season; CD-loessial plain area during the dry season; CW-loessial plain area during the wet season.

Fig. 2

Vertical distribution of nematode trophic groups at five soil depths in the playa and loessial plain areas during the dry and wet seasons. A. bacterivores, B. fungivores, C. plant parasites, D. omnivores–predators. PD-playa area during the dry season; PW-playa area during the wet season; CD- loessial plain area during the dry season; CW- loessial plain area during the wet season.
Vertical distribution of nematode trophic groups at five soil depths in the playa and loessial plain areas during the dry and wet seasons. A. bacterivores, B. fungivores, C. plant parasites, D. omnivores–predators. PD-playa area during the dry season; PW-playa area during the wet season; CD- loessial plain area during the dry season; CW- loessial plain area during the wet season.

Fig. 3

Redundancy analysis (RDA) of soil moisture (SM), soil organic content (OM), electrical conductivity (EC), total number of nematode (TN), bacterivores (BF), fungivores (FF), plant – parasite nematode (PP) and omnivore – predator nematode (OP) with reference to different soil depths in the playa and loessial plain area during the dry and wet seasons. I, II, III, IV, V denote 0 – 10 cm, 10 – 20 cm, 20 – 30 cm 30 – 40 cm and 40 – 50 cm soil depths; A, playa area during the dry season; B, loessial plain area during the dry season; C, playa area during the wet season; D, loessial plain area during the wet season.
Redundancy analysis (RDA) of soil moisture (SM), soil organic content (OM), electrical conductivity (EC), total number of nematode (TN), bacterivores (BF), fungivores (FF), plant – parasite nematode (PP) and omnivore – predator nematode (OP) with reference to different soil depths in the playa and loessial plain area during the dry and wet seasons. I, II, III, IV, V denote 0 – 10 cm, 10 – 20 cm, 20 – 30 cm 30 – 40 cm and 40 – 50 cm soil depths; A, playa area during the dry season; B, loessial plain area during the dry season; C, playa area during the wet season; D, loessial plain area during the wet season.

Number of soil nematode (individuals per 100 g dry soils) across all soil layers in the playa and loessial plain areas during the dry and wet seasons.

Genus c-p

c-p values, characterized by life history characteristics, are adapted from Bongers (1990).

 values		 Dry season Wet season
playa loessial plain playa loessial plain
Bacterivores

Trophic groups according to Yeates et al. (1993).
Acrobeles 2 0.8

Means from four replicates.

 74.9 0.3 42.3
Acrobeloides 2 2.7 24.4 0.3 07.1
Alaimus 4 0.0 00.0 0.0 00.1
Cephalobus 2 0.5 32.3 0.0 15.5
Cervidellus 2 0.0 04.8 0.0 00.0
Chambersiella 2 0.0 02.6 0.0 00.5
Chiloplacus 2 0.0 23.9 0.1 14.4
Diploscapter 1 0.0 00.0 0.1 02.9
Eucephalobus 2 0.0 00.9 0.0 02.0
Mesorhabditis 1 0.0 03.1 0.0 00.0
Metateratocephalus 3 3.0 46.8 0.0 20.7
Monhystera 2 0.0 00.0 0.0 00.1
Panagrobelus 1 0.0 00.0 0.0 00.9
Panagrolaimus 1 0.0 01.6 0.0 00.5
Plectus 2 0.0 03.4 0.0 00.1
Protorhabditis 1 0.0 00.0 0.0 00.1
Rhabditis 1 0.0 01.9 0.0 00.4
Tylocephalus 2 0.0 00.0 0.0 01.0
Wilsonema 2 0.0 01.3 0.0 00.0
Fungivores
Aphelenchoides 2 0.4 38.2 0.0 07.8
Aphelenchus 2 0.0 08.6 0.0 09.2
Aprutides 2 0.0 00.0 0.0 00.2
Diphtherophora 3 0.0 00.0 0.0 00.7
Ditylenchus 2 0.0 00.0 0.0 00.1
Nothotylenchus 2 0.0 01.4 0.0 00.5
Panaphelenchus 2 0.0 00.0 0.0 00.5
Tylencholaimellus 4 0.0 03.2 0.0 02.2
Tylencholaimus 4 0.0 02.5 0.0 00.7
Belonolaimus 3 0.0 00.0 0.0 00.9
Plant-parasites
Filenchus 2 0.0 01.4 0.0 01.2
Helicotylenchus 3 0.4 01.1 0.0 00.0
Hoplolaimus 3 0.0 02.1 0.0 01.4
Longidorus 5 0.0 05.5 0.0 00.1
Paratylenchus 2 0.0 00.0 0.0 01.6
Pratylenchus 3 0.0 02.1 0.0 02.9
Telotylenchus 3 0.0 01.3 0.1 02.8
Tetylenchus 3 0.0 01.6 0.1 02.2
Tridorus 4 0.0 00.0 0.0 00.2
Tylenchorhynchus 3 0.0 07.7 0.1 03.2
Tylenchus 2 0.1 00.6 0.2 00.4
Xiphinema 5 0.0 02.8 0.0 00.0
Omnivores-predators
Aporcelaimellus 5 0.0 01.1 0.0 02.5
Aporcelaimus 5 0.1 12.8 0.0 04.4
Clarkus 4 0.0 00.5 0.0 00.0
Discolaimium 5 0.0 00.0 0.0 00.2
Discolaimus 5 0.0 03.2 0.0 06.6
Dorylaimellus 5 0.0 07.6 0.0 01.4
Dorylaimoides 4 0.0 00.7 0.0 00.0
Dorylaimus 4 0.0 03.0 0.0 00.0
Eudorylaimus 4 0.0 06.3 0.0 00.0
Labronema 4 0.0 03.7 0.0 03.8
Mesodorylaimus 5 0.0 05.4 0.0 00.0
Mononchus 4 0.0 00.9 0.0 00.0
Nygolaimus 5 0.0 00.0 0.0 00.8
Thonus 4 0.0 00.0 0.0 04.5

Nematode ecological indices in different sampling sites, depths and seasons.

Index Sampling depths (cm)
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Playa Control Playa Control Playa Control Playa Control Playa Control
Dry season
F/B

Abbreviations as in Table 2.

 0.25b

Mean values from four replicates, different letters at each layer in a line denote significant differences as assessed by t-test (P < 0.05).

 0.35a 0.13a 0.20a 0.00b 0.19a 0.13a 0.18a 0.00b 0.30a
NCR 0.88a 0.74b 0.92a 0.84a 1.00a 0.85b 0.90a 0.86a 1.00a 0.80b
T 1.29b 2.20a 1.42b 2.37a 1.23b 2.28a 1.44b 2.25a 1.00b 2.50a
H' 0.92b 2.23a 0.78b 2.32a 0.71b 2.12a 0.95b 2.23a 0.49b 2.10a
λ 0.44a 0.14b 0.54a 0.13b 0.55a 0.16b 0.41a 0.14b 0.66a 0.14b
SR 0.78b 1.89a 0.77b 2.07a 0.61b 1.99a 0.88b 2.19a 0.46b 2.12a
MI 2.43a 2.25b 2.25b 2.81a 2.17b 2.83a 2.35b 2.86a 2.71a 2.58b
MMI 2.43a 2.35a 2.25b 2.85a 2.48b 2.90a 2.39b 2.86a 2.71a 2.66a
EI 8.25b 34.75a 8.33a 14.75a 0.00b 11.25a 10.50a 15.50a 0.00b 22.50a
SI 54.50a 41.00b 25.00b 70.00a 23.00b 71.25a 49.50b 73.75a 83.25a 62.25b
Wet season
F/B 0.00b 0.28a 0.00b 0.38a 0.00b 0.19a 0.00b 0.19a 0.00b 0.37a
NCR 1.00a 0.82b 1.00a 0.73b 1.00a 0.84b 1.00a 0.85b 1.00a 0.78b
T 1.20b 2.08a 1.00b 2.92a 1.00b 2.49a 1.00b 1.98a 1.00b 2.33a
H' 0.45b 2.42a 0.00b 2.32a 0.00b 2.15a 0.00b 2.09a 0.00b 2.05a
λ 0.71a 0.20b 1.00a 0.11b 1.00a 0.17b 1.00a 0.15b 1.00a 0.12b
SR 0.44 1.91 0.00 2.39 0.00 2.16 0.00 2.48 0.00 2.88
MI 1.75b 2.42a 2.00b 2.95a 2.00b 2.84a 2.00b 2.40a 2.00b 2.39a
MMI 2.13b 2.47a 2.00b 2.93a 2.00b 2.85a 2.50a 2.46a 2.50a 2.53a
EI 40.00a 26.00b 0.00b 20.25a 0.00b 23.50a 0.00b 29.25a 0.00b 32.50a
SI 0.00b 55.00a 0.00b 76.75a 0.00b 74.75a 0.00b 55.25a 0.00b 51.75a

Soil physico-chemical propertites in the playa and loessial plain areas (as control) under the dry and wet seasons.

Treatment Dry season Wet season
SM

SM: soil moisture; OM: soil organic matter content; EC: electrical conductivity.

(%)		 OM (%) EC (ms cm-1) SM (%) OM (%) EC (ms cm-1)
0 – 10 cm
playa 1.28±0.73a

Means and standard deviation from four replicates, different letters at each soil layer in a column denote significant differences as assessed by t-test (P < 0.05).

 0.25±0.05a 2.20±1.15a 7.16±1.70a 0.14±0.07a 1.97±0.63a
loessial plain 0.11±0.05b 0.07±0.04b 0.05±0.00b 1.93±0.54b 0.05±0.04b 0.08±0.01b
10 – 20 cm
playa 2.42±0.68a 0.18±0.03a 3.35±0.59a 5.44±0.53a 0.16±0.13a 1.77±0.32a
loessial plain 0.09±0.03b 0.07±0.04b 0.05±0.00b 1.14±0.15b 0.04±0.03a 0.07±0.01b
20 – 30 cm
playa 3.08±0.95a 0.13±0.03a 3.03±0.75a 6.75±0.89a 0.14±0.07a 2.85±0.97a
loessial plain 0.13±0.03b 0.06±0.06b 0.05±0.00b 0.84±0.17b 0.02±0.00b 0.07±0.01b
30 – 40 cm
playa 3.81±1.05a 0.10±0.02a 2.99±0.68a 5.69±0.90a 0.15±0.08a 2.63±0.39a
loessial plain 0.16±0.06b 0.03±0.02b 0.06±0.01b 0.80±0.17b 0.02±0.00b 0.06±0.00b
40 – 50 cm
playa 1.23±1.35a 0.04±0.04a 1.09±0.75a 3.47±1.65a 0.10±0.05a 1.83±0.80a
loessial plain 0.42±0.40a 0.05±0.05a 0.06±0.03b 0.80±0.12b 0.04±0.01b 0.07±0.01b

Univariate analysis of variance of the soil properties, nematode population and ecological indices.

Index Location (L) Depth (D) Season (S) L×D L×S D×S
F-value P-value F-value P-value F-value P-value F-value P-value F-value P-value F-value P-value
Soil Properties
SM

SM: soil moisture; OM: organic matter; EC: electrical conductivity; TN: total number of nematodes; BF: bacterivores; FF: fungivores; PP: plant-parasite nematodes; OP: omnivore-predator nematodes; F/B: fungivores/bacterivores ratio; NCR: nematode channel ratio T: trophic diversity; H’: Shannon index; λ: genus dominance; SR: species richness; MI: maturity index; MMI: modified maturity index; EI: enrichment index; SI: structure index. NS: no significant.

 139.81 < 0.0001 6.36 0.0002 139.81 < 0.0001 7.12 < 0.0001 45.04 < 0.0001 6.80 0.0001
OM 1.16 < 0.0001 4.95 0.0016 1.16 NS 2.72 0.0376 0.54 NS 1.64 NS
EC 1.73 < 0.0001 5.25 0.0011 1.73 NS 5.35 0.0009 2.02 NS 2.45 NS
Trophic Group
TN 69.36 < 0.0001 6.42 0.0002 8.88 0.0042 6.21 0.0003 7.63 0.0076 1.08 NS
BF 49.67 < 0.0001 4.39 0.0035 6.80 0.0115 4.17 0.0048 5.48 0.0226 1.24 NS
FF 24.00 < 0.0001 3.67 0.0097 4.44 0.0394 3.65 0.0100 4.22 0.0443 0.92 NS
PP 36.87 < 0.0001 3.63 0.0102 1.87 NS 3.63 0.0103 1.87 NS 2.10 NS
OP 45.42 < 0.0001 3.68 0.0096 4.22 0.0442 3.66 0.0099 4.14 0.0462 0.69 NS
Ecological Indices
F/B 8.71 0.005 0.76 NS 0.48 NS 0.34 NS 1.19 NS 0.52 NS
NCR 17.50 0.0001 0.66 NS 0.63 NS 0.39 NS 1.16 NS 0.63 NS
T 55.27 < 0.0001 0.57 NS 0.78 NS 0.51 NS 0.53 NS 0.50 NS
H' 618.16 < 0.0001 1.29 NS 22.40 < 0.0001 1.69 NS 23.27 < 0.0001 0.76 NS
Λ 177.50 < 0.0001 0.93 NS 2.82 NS 1.79 NS 20.50 < 0.0001 0.41 NS
SR 139.82 < 0.0001 0.36 NS 3.39 NS 1.25 NS 8.16 0.0062 0.45 NS
MI 22.25 < 0.0001 1.74 NS 1.24 NS 2.71 0.0417 5.07 0.0292 1.84 NS
MMI 12.18 0.001 1.27 NS 0.95 NS 2.20 NS 0.33 NS 0.51 NS
EI 9.75 0.0032 1.69 NS 5.78 0.0206 0.41 NS 0.01 NS 0.14 NS
SI 22.56 < 0.0001 0.56 NS 1.66 NS 3.08 0.0253 11.82 0.0013 1.85 NS

Correlation coefficients between soil properties and soil nematode indices.

Index SM OM EC
TN

Abbreviations as in Table 2. NS: no significant.

 - 0.44

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.23

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.51

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
BF - 0.41

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 NS - 0.48

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
FF - 0.33

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 NS - 0.37

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
PP - 0.36

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.2

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.44

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
OP - 0.43

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.25

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.48

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
F/B - 0.28

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 NS NS
NCR 0.36

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 NS 0.35

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
T - 0.52

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.44

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.58

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
H' - 0.77

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.54

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.78

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
λ 0.74

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 0.47

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 0.70

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
SR - 0.6

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.57

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.72

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
MI - 0.56

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.42

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.42

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
MMI - 0.40

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.35

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.32

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
EI NS NS - 0.39

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
SI - 0.58

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.44

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.

 - 0.47

Correlation coefficients significant at P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively.
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