Morphological Detection of Gastrointestinal Parasites and Molecular Characterization of Capillaria anatis of Domestic Turkeys in Oyo State, Nigeria

This study investigated the prevalence, diversity, and molecular identification of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic turkeys raised under rural and semi-intensive systems. A total of 77 faecal samples were examined, revealing a gastrointestinal parasite prevalence of 62.34%, with Heterakis sp. being the most frequently identified helminth (41.56%), followed by protozoans such as Eimeria sp. (15.58%) and Balantidium coli (12.99%). Notably, Nigerian indigenous turkey breeds had a 100% infection rate compared to only 12.12% in Hybrid Converter Turkey (HTC) breeds, indicating significant breed-specific susceptibility (P < 0.05). Age was also a significant determinant, with younger turkeys (2–6 months) exhibiting higher infection rates than older birds (P < 0.05). Single infections were most prevalent, though mixed infections occurred in several combinations, amplifying the risk of compounded morbidity. Molecular characterization via amplification of the 18S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of Capillaria anatis, reinforcing the importance of molecular tools in parasite surveillance. These findings highlight the urgent need for improved parasite control, routine molecular diagnostics, and targeted management strategies in backyard and smallholder poultry systems. The study provides vital data for veterinarians, poultry farmers, and public health stakeholders aiming to enhance turkey health and productivity through integrated parasitological monitoring and intervention.