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Effect of the Surface modification of Cellulose nanofibers on the Mechanical Properties and Disintegrability of Specific PLA/Cellulose Composites

Justyna Wietecha

Justyna Wietecha

Łukasiewicz – Lodz Institute of TechnologyŁódź, Poland
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Wietecha, Justyna
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Janusz Kazimierczak

Janusz Kazimierczak

Łukasiewicz – Lodz Institute of TechnologyŁódź, Poland
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Kazimierczak, Janusz
 und 
Agata Jeziorna

Agata Jeziorna

Łukasiewicz – Lodz Institute of TechnologyŁódź, Poland
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Jeziorna, Agata
  
15. Dez. 2023
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Artikel-Kategorie: Research Article
Online veröffentlicht: 15. Dez. 2023
Seitenbereich: 15 - 29
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2023-0051
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© 2023 Łukasiewicz Research Network-Łódź Institute of Technology, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Fig. 1.

Chemical structure of a) polylactide chain, b) cellulose chain
Chemical structure of a) polylactide chain, b) cellulose chain

Fig. 2.

Partially saponified fatty acid methyl esters of castor oil – ZS1 (simplified formula). a) Structure of ricinoleic acid as the main component of castor oil; b) possible products of the transesterification reaction of ricinoleic acid
Partially saponified fatty acid methyl esters of castor oil – ZS1 (simplified formula). a) Structure of ricinoleic acid as the main component of castor oil; b) possible products of the transesterification reaction of ricinoleic acid

Fig. 3.

Chemical structure of CTAB
Chemical structure of CTAB

Fig. 4.

Chemical structure of sucrose palmitate - P1670
Chemical structure of sucrose palmitate - P1670

Fig. 5.

SEM images of NFC samples functionalized with three different compatibilizers after spray drying; a) NFC/ZS1 – 50 μm scale bar (upper picture ) and 10 μm (lower picture); b) NFC/CTAB - 20 μm scale bar (upper picture ) and 5 μm (lower picture); c) NFC/ P1670 - 20 μm scale bar (uooer picture ) and 5 μm (lower picture)
SEM images of NFC samples functionalized with three different compatibilizers after spray drying; a) NFC/ZS1 – 50 μm scale bar (upper picture ) and 10 μm (lower picture); b) NFC/CTAB - 20 μm scale bar (upper picture ) and 5 μm (lower picture); c) NFC/ P1670 - 20 μm scale bar (uooer picture ) and 5 μm (lower picture)

Fig. 6.

Comparison of PXRD diffractograms of unmodified and surfactant modified NFC powder samples
Comparison of PXRD diffractograms of unmodified and surfactant modified NFC powder samples

Fig. 7.

SEM images of particles of cellulose nanofibers modified with surfactants after re-dispersion in water: a) NFC/ZS1, b) NFC/CTAB, c) NFC/P1670
SEM images of particles of cellulose nanofibers modified with surfactants after re-dispersion in water: a) NFC/ZS1, b) NFC/CTAB, c) NFC/P1670

Fig. 8.

Photos of composite foils (c-f) and reference samples of pure PLA (a-b)
Photos of composite foils (c-f) and reference samples of pure PLA (a-b)

Fig. 9.

Optical transmittance of neat PLA and PLA CNF composite films (with CNF fibers modified with various surfactants)
Optical transmittance of neat PLA and PLA CNF composite films (with CNF fibers modified with various surfactants)

Fig. 10.

PXRD diffractograms of pure PLA and PLA NFC/surfactants films
PXRD diffractograms of pure PLA and PLA NFC/surfactants films

Fig. 11.

DSC (bottom blue line) and TG (top green line) graphs of pure PLA (a-b) and PLA with unmodified NFC (c) and PLA NFC/ surfactants films (d-f)
DSC (bottom blue line) and TG (top green line) graphs of pure PLA (a-b) and PLA with unmodified NFC (c) and PLA NFC/ surfactants films (d-f)

Fig. 8.

Tensile strength and elongation at break of neat PLA and PLA/NFC composite films
Tensile strength and elongation at break of neat PLA and PLA/NFC composite films

Fig. 9.

Photos and diagram of mass loss of composite foils and reference samples of pure PLA crystalline and PLA amorphic forms after 2 and 3 weeks of composting
Photos and diagram of mass loss of composite foils and reference samples of pure PLA crystalline and PLA amorphic forms after 2 and 3 weeks of composting

Fig. 10.

Disintegrability of PLA NFC composites and reference samples of pure PLA films over time
Disintegrability of PLA NFC composites and reference samples of pure PLA films over time

Physicochemical characteristics of PLA 6201D

Density, g/cm3 1,24
Melting point, °C 155-170
Glass transition point, °C 55-60
Contents of D-lactide isomer(%) 1,4

TGA and DSC thermal characteristic of pure PLA and PLA NFC/surfactant composites

Sample TG DSC
T1 [°C] T inf [°C] T2 [°C] Δm [%] Tg[°C] ΔCp [J/g*K] Tcc [°C] ΔHcc [J/g] Tm [°C] ΔHm [J/g]
PLAcrystalline 99,1 122,9 136,7 -3,3 54,1 0,22 – – 155,3 28,1
PLAamorphic 77,6 108,0 130,9 -2,2 -3,5 57,9 0,54 117,6 -19,8 153,6 20,1
142,5 156,5 165,5 -1,3
PLA NFC/0 76,6 110,3 145,3 -3,5 59,0 0,59 122,1 -16,0 154,4 16,1
PLA NFC/ZS1 81,5 109,5 147,0 -5,0 52,4 0,60 116,0 -18,3 154,3 18,4
PLA NFC/CTAB 90,3 111,2 133,8 -3,7 59,2 0,60 119,3 -18,2 154,6 18,2
PLA NFC/P 1670 92,6 113,1 137,4 -4,2 57,6 0,60 116,3 -17,8 154,6 17,8
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