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Erosion control properties of self-seeded forests that appeared in forestless areas of ravine-gully systems

Volodymyr Maliuha
Volodymyr Maliuha
, 
Vasyl Khryk
Vasyl Khryk
, 
Vasyl Yukhnovskyi
Vasyl Yukhnovskyi
, 
Victoria Minder
Victoria Minder
, 
Svitlana Levandovska
Svitlana Levandovska
, 
Ivan Kimeichuk
Ivan Kimeichuk
, 
Fedir Brovko
Fedir Brovko
 und 
Yurii Urliuk
Yurii Urliuk
   | 04. Mai 2023
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Article Category: Research paper
Online veröffentlicht: 04. Mai 2023
Seitenbereich: 56 - 66
Eingereicht: 29. Dez. 2022
Akzeptiert: 31. Dez. 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2022-0012
Schlüsselwörter
© 2022 Volodymyr Maliuha et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Spurs of the coastal ravines of the “Kaminna” gully (a) and “Kruglyk” unit (b).
Spurs of the coastal ravines of the “Kaminna” gully (a) and “Kruglyk” unit (b).

Figure 2.

Self-seeding of Scots pine on the steep slopes of TP–11: a – curtain placement of the self-seeding on the area; b – general view of a self-seeded stand; c – view of a 5-year-old plant.
Self-seeding of Scots pine on the steep slopes of TP–11: a – curtain placement of the self-seeding on the area; b – general view of a self-seeded stand; c – view of a 5-year-old plant.

Figure 3.

Self-seeding of Scots pine on the steep slopes of TP–12: a – general view of a self-seeded stand; b – curtain placement of the stand on the area; c – view of a 6-year-old plant.
Self-seeding of Scots pine on the steep slopes of TP–12: a – general view of a self-seeded stand; b – curtain placement of the stand on the area; c – view of a 6-year-old plant.

Figure 4.

Dependence of soil water permeability on its hardness.
Dependence of soil water permeability on its hardness.

Statistics of soil permeability in experimental sites.

No TP Age, years Soil permeability measurement statistics
N χ σ m υ p
1 8–20 10 15.5 5.99 1.89 38.6 12.2
2 10–25 10 19.0 3.92 1.77 24.1 5.0
3 10–25 10 27.3 9.59 3.03 35.1 11.1
4 10–25 10 21.9 6.63 2.10 30.2 9.56
5 15–16 10 21.6 5.58 1.76 25.8 8.17
6 20–25 10 19.5 2.75 0.43 25.5 5.7
7 20–25 10 11.1 2.02 0.64 18.3 5.7
8 20–25 10 18.7 2.92 0.92 26.1 9.0
9 20–25 10 12.6 2.95 0.93 23.4 7.39
10 20–25 10 10.4 1.42 0.45 13.7 4.32
11 10–17 10 11.6 1.77 0.56 15.3 4.84
12 15–20 10 26.5 10.15 3.21 38.3 12.1

Statistics of soil hardness in experimental sites.

No TP Age, years Soil hardness measurement statistics
N χ σ m ν p
1 8–20 15 18.5 0.88 0.23 4.74 1.22
2 10–25 15 17.8 1.01 0.26 5.67 1.46
3 10–25 15 17.1 0.76 0.20 4.45 1.15
4 10–25 15 17.5 0.84 0.22 4.83 1.25
5 15–16 15 17.7 0.98 0.25 5.52 1.43
6 20–25 15 17.8 0.94 0.24 5.29 1.36
7 20–25 15 18.8 0.84 0.22 4.47 1.15
8 20–25 15 18.1 0.93 0.24 5.16 1.33
9 20–25 15 18.5 1.09 0.28 5.92 1.53
10 20–25 15 19.0 0.92 0.22 4.80 1.13
11 10–17 15 18.7 0.49 0.13 2.63 0.68
12 15–20 15 17.4 0.68 0.16 3.93 0.90

Evaluation of the significance of the difference between the average values of permeability indicators.

Pairs of test plots Number of degrees of freedom Student’s criterion t0,05 Pairs of test plots Number of degrees of freedom Student’s criterion t0,05
1–9 16 1.373 6–9* 16 5.363
2–4 16 1.191 5–12 16 1.338
3–7* 16 5.227 11–12* 16 4.573

Location and orographic characteristics of test plots.

No TP Geographic coordinates Steepness of slopes % Position on the slope Humus horizon cm
latitude longitude
1 49.836796 31.429695 13–14 medium 16
2 49.836483 31.428675 8–10 upper 12
3 49.836220 31.427577 6–8 lower 18
4 49.836417 31.426455 6–8 lower 17
5 49.836582 31.425408 6–8 lower 16
6 49.837010 31.424439 7–9 medium 14
7 49.837471 31.423673 7–9 upper 12
8 49.837997 31.422998 7–9 medium 13
9 49.838524 31.422295 7–9 upper 12
10 49.838952 31.421530 7–9 upper 12
11 49.805334 31.389030 5–7 upper 11
12 49.805618 31.388010 5–7 medium 15

Evaluation of the significance of the difference between the average values of hardness indicators.

Pairs of test plots Number of degrees of freedom Student’s criterion t0,05 Pairs of test plots Number of degrees of freedom Student’s criterion t0,05
1–9 26 0 6–9 26 1.883
2–4 26 0.884 5–12 26 0.975
3–7* 26 5.812 11–12* 26 6.007

Biometric indicators of natural regeneration of woody plants on eroded ravine-gully lands.

No TP Composition Species Age, years Amount, pc. Height, m Diameter, cm Components and their cover, % Index of productivity
undergrowth understory grass cover
1 9Cb1Pt+Sa Carpinus betulus 8–20 22 8.1 3.6 10 3 0 Ia
Salix caprea 1 9.0 10.0 Ia
Populus tremula 3 11.3 8.7 Ia
2 10Bp Betula pendula 10–25 54 5.2 9.0 15 5 0 III
3 6Pt4Bp+Cb, Fe Populus tremula 10–25 13 13.6 14.3 18 7 3 Ia
Betula pendula 10 7.2 5.6 II
Carpinus betulus 1 6.0 6.0 Ia
Fraxinus excelsior 1 6.0 4.0 Ia
4 10Bp+Pt, Sc Betula pendula 10–25 23 10.4 7.0 10 10 80 Ia
Populus tremula 1 6.5 6.0 Ia
Salix caprea 1 8.0 18.0 I
5 9Ps1Rp Pinus sylvestris 15–16 38 4.1 6.4 20 15 65 Ia
Robinia pseudoacacia 6 3.5 8.0 Ia
6 9Rp1Bp+Pc, Pt Robinia pseudoacacia 20–25 15 7.6 11.9 6 3 40 III
Pyrus communis 1 3.5 6.0 V
Betula pendula 2 6.3 9.0 III
Populus tremula 2 10.5 20.0 I
7 6Pt1Ps3Bp Populus tremula 20–25 8 11 12.8 15 0 10 II
Pinus sylvestris 1 8.0 14.0 II
Betula pendula 4 7.9 8.0 II
8 6Bp1Pt3Rp Betula pendula 20–25 8 10.2 12.3 5 9 100 II
Populus tremula 2 12.5 15.0 I
Robinia pseudoacacia 4 6.0 7.0 III
9 10Rp+Pa, Ps Robinia pseudoacacia 20–25 13 4.2 4.5 6 0 100 IV
Populus alba 1 13.0 22.0 Ia
Pinus sylvestris 1 5.5 22.0 IV
10 6Rp1Ps3Pt Robinia pseudoacacia 20–25 8 8.9 8.5 8 0 100 II
Pinus sylvestris 2 6.0 6.0 III
Populus tremula 5 9.1 7.6 II
11 10Ps Pinus sylvestris 10–17 56 5.1 5.9 0 0 0 IV
12 10Ps Pinus sylvestris 15–20 33 6.0 7.5 0 0 20 III
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