Suitability of the boreal ecosystem simulator (BEPS) model for estimating gross primary productivity in hemi-boreal upland pine forest

Beer, C., Reichstein, M., Tomelleri, E., Ciais, P., Jung, M., Carvalhais, N., Rödenbeck, C., Arain, M.A., Baldocchi, D., Bonan, G.B., Bondeau, A., Cescatti, A., Lasslop, G., Lindroth, A., Lomas, M., Luyssaert, S., Margolis, H., Oleson, K.W., Roupsard, O., Veenendaal, E., Viovy, N., Williams, C., Woodward, F.I., Papale, D. 2010. Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate. – Science, 329(5993), 834–838. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184984. BeerC. ReichsteinM. TomelleriE. CiaisP. JungM. CarvalhaisN. RödenbeckC. ArainM.A. BaldocchiD. BonanG.B. BondeauA. CescattiA. LasslopG. LindrothA. LomasM. LuyssaertS. MargolisH. OlesonK.W. RoupsardO. VeenendaalE. ViovyN. WilliamsC. WoodwardF.I. PapaleD. 2010 Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate Science 329 5993 834 838 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184984. 10.1126/science.1184984 Search in Google Scholar

Bonan, G.B. 1995. Land-atmosphere CO₂ exchange simulated by a land surface process model coupled to an atmospheric general circulation model. – Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 100(D2), 2817–2831. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD02961. BonanG.B. 1995 Land-atmosphere CO₂ exchange simulated by a land surface process model coupled to an atmospheric general circulation model Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 100 D2 2817 2831 https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD02961. 10.1029/94JD02961 Search in Google Scholar

Chen, J.M., Liu, J., Cihlar, J., Goulden, M.L. 1999. Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications. – Ecological Modelling, 124(2–3), 99–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(99)00156-8. ChenJ.M. LiuJ. CihlarJ. GouldenM.L. 1999 Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications Ecological Modelling 124 2–3 99 119 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(99)00156-8. 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00156-8 Search in Google Scholar

Estonian Environment Agency. 2020. Keskkonnaagentuur (KAUR). [WWW document]. – URL https://www.keskkonnaagentuur.ee/en. [Accessed 26 December 2020]. Estonian Environment Agency 2020 Keskkonnaagentuur (KAUR) [WWW document]. – URL https://www.keskkonnaagentuur.ee/en. [Accessed 26 December 2020]. Search in Google Scholar

Estonian Weather Service. 2021. Ilmateenistus. [WWW document]. – URL https://www.ilmateenistus.ee/?lang=en. [Accessed 17 April 2021]. Estonian Weather Service 2021 Ilmateenistus [WWW document]. – URL https://www.ilmateenistus.ee/?lang=en. [Accessed 17 April 2021]. Search in Google Scholar

Feng, X., Liu, G., Chen, J.M., Chen, M., Liu, J., Ju, W.M., Sun, R., Zhou, W. 2007. Net primary productivity of China’s terrestrial ecosystems from a process model driven by remote sensing. – Journal of Environmental Management, 85(3), 563–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.09.021. FengX. LiuG. ChenJ.M. ChenM. LiuJ. JuW.M. SunR. ZhouW. 2007 Net primary productivity of China’s terrestrial ecosystems from a process model driven by remote sensing Journal of Environmental Management 85 3 563 573 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.09.021. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.09.021 Search in Google Scholar

He, L., Chen, J.M., Pisek, J., Schaaf, C.B., Strahler, A.H. 2012. Global clumping index map derived from the MODIS BRDF product. – Remote Sensing of Environment, 119, 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.12.008. HeL. ChenJ.M. PisekJ. SchaafC.B. StrahlerA.H. 2012 Global clumping index map derived from the MODIS BRDF product Remote Sensing of Environment 119 118 130 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.12.008. 10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049427 Search in Google Scholar

Heiskanen, J., Rautiainen, M., Stenberg, P., Mõttus, M., Vesanto, V.-H., Korhonen, L., Majasalmi, T. 2012. Seasonal variation in MODIS LAI for a boreal forest area in Finland. – Remote Sensing of Environment, 126, 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.08.001. HeiskanenJ. RautiainenM. StenbergP. MõttusM. VesantoV.-H. KorhonenL. MajasalmiT. 2012 Seasonal variation in MODIS LAI for a boreal forest area in Finland Remote Sensing of Environment 126 104 115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.08.001. 10.1016/j.rse.2012.08.001 Search in Google Scholar

Ju, W., Chen, J.M., Black, T.A., Barr, A.G., Liu, J., Chen, B., 2006. Modelling multi-year coupled carbon and water fluxes in a boreal aspen forest. – Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 140(1–4), 136–151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.008. JuW. ChenJ.M. BlackT.A. BarrA.G. LiuJ. ChenB. 2006 Modelling multi-year coupled carbon and water fluxes in a boreal aspen forest Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 140 1–4 136 151 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.008. 10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.008 Search in Google Scholar

Kljun, N., Calanca, P., Rotach, M.W., Schmid, H.P. 2015. A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Prediction (FFP). – Geoscientific Model Development, 8(11), 3695–3713. KljunN. CalancaP. RotachM.W. SchmidH.P. 2015 A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Prediction (FFP) Geoscientific Model Development 8 11 3695 3713 10.5194/gmd-8-3695-2015 Search in Google Scholar

Li, X., Zhu, Z., Zeng, H., Piao, S. 2016. Estimation of gross primary production in China (1982–2010) with multiple ecosystem models. – Ecological Modelling, 324, 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.12.019. LiX. ZhuZ. ZengH. PiaoS. 2016 Estimation of gross primary production in China (1982–2010) with multiple ecosystem models Ecological Modelling 324 33 44 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.12.019. 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.12.019 Search in Google Scholar

Liang, S., Shuey, C.J., Russ, A.L., Fang, H., Chen, M., Walthall, C.L., Daughtry, C.S.T., Hunt, R. Jr. 2003. Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo: II. Validation. – Remote Sensing of Environment, 84(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00068-8. LiangS. ShueyC.J. RussA.L. FangH. ChenM. WalthallC.L. DaughtryC.S.T. HuntR. Jr. 2003 Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo: II. Validation Remote Sensing of Environment 84 1 25 41 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00068-8. 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00068-8 Search in Google Scholar

Liu, J., Chen, J.M., Cihlar, J., Chen, W. 1999. Net primary productivity distribution in the BOREAS region from a process model using satellite and surface data. – Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 104(D22), 27735–27754. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900768. LiuJ. ChenJ.M. CihlarJ. ChenW. 1999 Net primary productivity distribution in the BOREAS region from a process model using satellite and surface data Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 104 D22 27735 27754 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900768. 10.1029/1999JD900768 Search in Google Scholar

Liu, J., Chen, J.M., Cihlar, J., Chen, W. 2002. Net primary productivity mapped for Canada at 1-km resolution. – Global Ecology and Biogeography, 11(2), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00278.x. LiuJ. ChenJ.M. CihlarJ. ChenW. 2002 Net primary productivity mapped for Canada at 1-km resolution Global Ecology and Biogeography 11 2 115 129 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00278.x. 10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00278.x Search in Google Scholar

Liu, J., Chen, J.M., Cihlar, J., Park, W.M. 1997. A process-based boreal ecosystem productivity simulator using remote sensing inputs. – Remote Sensing of Environment, 62(2), 158–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00089-8. LiuJ. ChenJ.M. CihlarJ. ParkW.M. 1997 A process-based boreal ecosystem productivity simulator using remote sensing inputs Remote Sensing of Environment 62 2 158 175 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00089-8. 10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00089-8 Search in Google Scholar

Liu, S., Zhuang, Q., He, Y., Noormets, A., Chen, J., Gu, L. 2016. Evaluating atmospheric CO₂ effects on gross primary productivity and net ecosystem exchanges of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous United States using the AmeriFlux data and an artificial neural network approach. – Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 220, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.01.007. LiuS. ZhuangQ. HeY. NoormetsA. ChenJ. GuL. 2016 Evaluating atmospheric CO₂ effects on gross primary productivity and net ecosystem exchanges of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous United States using the AmeriFlux data and an artificial neural network approach Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 220 38 49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.01.007. 10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.01.007 Search in Google Scholar

Lloyd, J., Taylor, J.A. 1994. On the temperature dependence of soil respiration. – Functional Ecology, 8(3), 315–323. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2389824. LloydJ. TaylorJ.A. 1994 On the temperature dependence of soil respiration Functional Ecology 8 3 315 323 https://www.jstor.org/stable/2389824. 10.2307/2389824 Search in Google Scholar

Lõhmus, E. 2004. Forest site types in Estonia. (Eesti metsakasvukohatüübid). Tartu, Eesti Loodusfoto. 80 pp. (In Estonian). LõhmusE. 2004 Forest site types in Estonia. (Eesti metsakasvukohatüübid) Tartu Eesti Loodusfoto 80 pp. (In Estonian). Search in Google Scholar

Luo, X., Croft, H., Chen, J.M., Bartlett, P., Staebler, R., Froelich, N. 2018. Incorporating leaf chlorophyll content into a two-leaf terrestrial biosphere model for estimating carbon and water fluxes at a forest site. – Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 248, 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.09.012. LuoX. CroftH. ChenJ.M. BartlettP. StaeblerR. FroelichN. 2018 Incorporating leaf chlorophyll content into a two-leaf terrestrial biosphere model for estimating carbon and water fluxes at a forest site Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 248 156 168 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.09.012. 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.09.012 Search in Google Scholar

Ma, L., Bicking, S., Müller, F. 2019. Mapping and comparing ecosystem service indicators of global climate regulation in Schleswig-Holstein, Northern Germany. – Science of The Total Environment, 648, 1582–1597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.274. MaL. BickingS. MüllerF. 2019 Mapping and comparing ecosystem service indicators of global climate regulation in Schleswig-Holstein, Northern Germany Science of The Total Environment 648 1582 1597 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.274. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.274 Search in Google Scholar

Nilson, T. 1971. A theoretical analysis of the frequency of gaps in plant stands. – Agricultural Meteorology, 8, 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(71)90092-6. NilsonT. 1971 A theoretical analysis of the frequency of gaps in plant stands Agricultural Meteorology 8 25 38 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(71)90092-6. 10.1016/0002-1571(71)90092-6 Search in Google Scholar

Pisek, J., Lang, M., Nilson, T., Korhonen, L., Karu, H. 2011. Comparison of methods for measuring gap size distribution and canopy nonrandomness at Järvselja RAMI (RAdiation transfer Model Intercomparison) test sites. – Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151(3), 365–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.11.009. PisekJ. LangM. NilsonT. KorhonenL. KaruH. 2011 Comparison of methods for measuring gap size distribution and canopy nonrandomness at Järvselja RAMI (RAdiation transfer Model Intercomparison) test sites Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151 3 365 377 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.11.009. 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.11.009 Search in Google Scholar

Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., Valentini, R. 2005. On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. – Global Change Biology, 11(9), 1424–1439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x. ReichsteinM. FalgeE. BaldocchiD. PapaleD. AubinetM. BerbigierP. BernhoferC. BuchmannN. GilmanovT. GranierA. GrünwaldT. HavránkováK. IlvesniemiH. JanousD. KnohlA. LaurilaT. LohilaA. LoustauD. MatteucciG. MeyersT. MigliettaF. OurcivalJ.-M. PumpanenJ. RambalS. RotenbergE. SanzM. TenhunenJ. SeufertG. VaccariF. VesalaT. YakirD. ValentiniR. 2005 On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm Global Change Biology 11 9 1424 1439 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x. 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x Search in Google Scholar

Román, M.O., Schaaf, C.B., Woodcock, C.E., Strahler, A.H., Yang, X., Braswell, R.H., Curtis, P.S., Davis, K.J., Dragoni, D., Goulden, M.L., Gu, L., Hollinger, D.Y., Kolb, T.E., Meyers, T.P., Munger, J.W., Privette, J.L., Richardson, A.D., Wilson, T.B., Wofsy, S.C. 2009. The MODIS (Collection V005) BRDF/albedo product: Assessment of spatial representativeness over forested landscapes. – Remote Sensing of Environment, 113(11), 2476–2498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.07.009. RománM.O. SchaafC.B. WoodcockC.E. StrahlerA.H. YangX. BraswellR.H. CurtisP.S. DavisK.J. DragoniD. GouldenM.L. GuL. HollingerD.Y. KolbT.E. MeyersT.P. MungerJ.W. PrivetteJ.L. RichardsonA.D. WilsonT.B. WofsyS.C. 2009 The MODIS (Collection V005) BRDF/albedo product: Assessment of spatial representativeness over forested landscapes Remote Sensing of Environment 113 11 2476 2498 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.07.009. 10.1016/j.rse.2009.07.009 Search in Google Scholar

Shi, H., Li, L., Eamus, D., Huete, A., Cleverly, J., Tian, X., Yu, Q., Wang, S., Montagnani, L., Magliulo, V., Rotenberg, E., Pavelka, M., Carrara, A. 2017. Assessing the ability of MODIS EVI to estimate terrestrial ecosystem gross primary production of multiple land cover types. – Ecological Indicators, 72, 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.08.022. ShiH. LiL. EamusD. HueteA. CleverlyJ. TianX. YuQ. WangS. MontagnaniL. MagliuloV. RotenbergE. PavelkaM. CarraraA. 2017 Assessing the ability of MODIS EVI to estimate terrestrial ecosystem gross primary production of multiple land cover types Ecological Indicators 72 153 164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.08.022. 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.08.022 Search in Google Scholar

Smith, R.B. 2010. The heat budget of the earth’s surface deduced from space. [WWW document]. – URL https://yceo.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Surface_Heat_Budget_From_Space.pdf. [Accessed 31 October 2021]. SmithR.B. 2010 The heat budget of the earth’s surface deduced from space [WWW document]. – URL https://yceo.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Surface_Heat_Budget_From_Space.pdf. [Accessed 31 October 2021]. Search in Google Scholar

USGS. 2021. MCD15A3H product. [WWW document]. – URL https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MCD15A3H.006. [Accessed 23 December 2021]. USGS 2021 MCD15A3H product [WWW document]. – URL https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MCD15A3H.006. [Accessed 23 December 2021]. Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Z., Schaaf, C.B., Chopping, M.J., Strahler, A.H., Wang, J., Román, M.O., Rocha, A.V., Woodcock, C.E., Shuai, Y. 2012. Evaluation of moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow albedo product (MCD43A) over tundra. – Remote Sensing of Environment, 117, 264–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.10.002. WangZ. SchaafC.B. ChoppingM.J. StrahlerA.H. WangJ. RománM.O. RochaA.V. WoodcockC.E. ShuaiY. 2012 Evaluation of moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow albedo product (MCD43A) over tundra Remote Sensing of Environment 117 264 280 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.10.002. 10.1016/j.rse.2011.10.002 Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Z., Schaaf, C.B., Strahler, A.H., Chopping, M.J., Román, M.O., Shuai, Y., Woodcock, C.E., Hollinger, D.Y., Fitzjarrald, D.R. 2014. Evaluation of MODIS albedo product (MCD43A) over grassland, agriculture and forest surface types during dormant and snow-covered periods. – Remote Sensing of Environment, 140, 60–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.025. WangZ. SchaafC.B. StrahlerA.H. ChoppingM.J. RománM.O. ShuaiY. WoodcockC.E. HollingerD.Y. FitzjarraldD.R. 2014 Evaluation of MODIS albedo product (MCD43A) over grassland, agriculture and forest surface types during dormant and snow-covered periods Remote Sensing of Environment 140 60 77 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.025. 10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.025 Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Z., Schaaf, C.B., Sun, Q., Kim, J., Erb, A.M., Gao, F., Román, M.O., Yang, Y., Petroy, S., Taylor, J.R., Masek, J.G., Morisette, J.T., Zhang, X., Papuga, S.A. 2017. Monitoring land surface albedo and vegetation dynamics using high spatial and temporal resolution synthetic time series from Landsat and the MODIS BRDF / NBAR / albedo product. – International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation, 59, 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2017.03.008. WangZ. SchaafC.B. SunQ. KimJ. ErbA.M. GaoF. RománM.O. YangY. PetroyS. TaylorJ.R. MasekJ.G. MorisetteJ.T. ZhangX. PapugaS.A. 2017 Monitoring land surface albedo and vegetation dynamics using high spatial and temporal resolution synthetic time series from Landsat and the MODIS BRDF / NBAR / albedo product International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation 59 104 117 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2017.03.008. 10.1016/j.jag.2017.03.008764116933154713 Search in Google Scholar

Wu, C., Munger, J.W., Niu, Z., Kuang, D. 2010. Comparison of multiple models for estimating gross primary production using MODIS and eddy covariance data in Harvard Forest. – Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(12), 2925–2939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.07.012. WuC. MungerJ.W. NiuZ. KuangD. 2010 Comparison of multiple models for estimating gross primary production using MODIS and eddy covariance data in Harvard Forest Remote Sensing of Environment 114 12 2925 2939 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.07.012. 10.1016/j.rse.2010.07.012 Search in Google Scholar

Wutzler, T., Lucas-Moffat, A., Migliavacca, M., Knauer, J., Sickel, K., Šigut, L., Menzer, O., Reichstein, M. 2018. Basic and extensible post-processing of eddy covariance flux data with REddyProc. – Biogeosciences, 15(16), 5015–5030. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5015-2018. WutzlerT. Lucas-MoffatA. MigliavaccaM. KnauerJ. SickelK. ŠigutL. MenzerO. ReichsteinM. 2018 Basic and extensible post-processing of eddy covariance flux data with REddyProc Biogeosciences 15 16 5015 5030 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5015-2018. 10.5194/bg-15-5015-2018 Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, F., Chen, J.M., Chen, J., Gough, C.M., Martin, T.A., Dragoni, D. 2012. Evaluating spatial and temporal patterns of MODIS GPP over the conterminous U.S. against flux measurements and a process model. – Remote Sensing of Environment, 124, 717–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.023. ZhangF. ChenJ.M. ChenJ. GoughC.M. MartinT.A. DragoniD. 2012 Evaluating spatial and temporal patterns of MODIS GPP over the conterminous U.S. against flux measurements and a process model Remote Sensing of Environment 124 717 729 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.023. 10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.023 Search in Google Scholar

Zhu, X., Pei, Y., Zheng, Z., Dong, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Chen, L., Doughty, R.B., Zhang, G., Xiao, X. 2018. Underestimates of grassland gross primary production in MODIS standard products. – Remote Sensing, 10(11), 1771. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111771. ZhuX. PeiY. ZhengZ. DongJ. ZhangY. WangJ. ChenL. DoughtyR.B. ZhangG. XiaoX. 2018 Underestimates of grassland gross primary production in MODIS standard products Remote Sensing 10 11 1771 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111771. 10.3390/rs10111771 Search in Google Scholar