Common ash ( L.) in Ukrainian forests and its successful natural regeneration

Proportion of common ash in the composition (%)	Characteristics of natural regeneration of common ash
Proportion of common ash in the composition (%)	Number (stems ha⁻¹)	Percent of the total number	Proportion of vigorous regeneration (%)	Frequency of occurrence (%)
10	8,000 ± 2,500	39.7 ± 5.0	87.1 ± 3.8	87.5 ± 5.4
20	5,700 ± 500	36.5 ± 5.3	94.6 ± 1.2	74.0 ± 7.8
30–50	3,000 ± 1,200	24.6 ± 3.6	86.9 ± 9.3	56.0 ± 4.0
100	1,400 ± 200	36.7 ± 3.9	85.0 ± 2.7	55.0 ± 5.4

Average characteristics of natural regeneration of common ash in pure and mixed stands within Ukraine, having various relative density of stocking.

Relative density of stocking	Characteristics of natural regeneration of common ash
Relative density of stocking	Number (stems ha⁻¹)	Percent of the total number	Proportion of vigorous regeneration (%)	Frequency of occurrence (%)
0.45–0.54	3,300 ± 2,100	51.3 ± 8.8	82.8 ± 5.5	66.7 ± 16.7
0.55–0.64	3,900 ± 1,000	27.0 ± 3.1	94.0 ± 1.8	64.0 ± 7.5
0.65–0.74	4,600 ± 700	35.7 ± 2.7	86.0 ± 3.7	73.5 ± 6.0
0.75–0.84	7,200 ± 3,500	41.4 ± 6.8	92.7 ± 1.7	73.3 ± 7.4
0.85–0.94	3,100 ± 1,300	21.2 ± 7.4	87.1 ± 6.9	63.3 ± 18.5

Current state of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) stands in Ukraine (as of 2016).

Administative Regions	Total forest area (thousand ha)	Including common ash stands

		thousand ha	percent of the total area	average age (years)
Autonomous Republic of Crimea	227.7	4.8	2.1	89
Cherkasy Region	255.4	11.5	4.5	55
Chernihiv Region	355.5	3.0	0.8	44
Chernivtsi Region	157.3	1.4	0.9	55
Dnipropetrovsk Region	65.7	1.5	2.3	64
Donetsk Region	92.5	7.2	7.7	69
Ivano-Frankivsk Region	425.8	1.3	0.3	46
Kharkiv Region	282.3	7.1	2.5	57
Kherson Region	77.3	0.1	0.1	63
Khmelnytsky Region	167.4	5.1	3.0	63
Kyiv Region	355.1	6.1	1.7	54
Kirovohrad Region	103.5	11.9	11.5	56
Luhansk Region	228.2	12.3	5.4	60
Lviv Region	428.2	3.9	0.9	55
Mykolayiv Region	37.3	1.5	4.0	59
Odessa Region	90.2	4.5	5.0	65
Poltava Region	157.3	3.1	2.0	53
Rivne Region	584.2	2.4	0.4	53
Sumy Region	255.6	12.8	5.0	57
Ternopil Region	143.6	6.4	4.5	58
Transcarpathian Region	461.2	2.6	0.6	54
Vinnytsya Region	199.7	14.2	7.1	67
Volyn Region	436.8	1.7	0.4	46
Zaporizhzhya Region	34.0	0.7	2.1	46
Zhytomyr Region	660.3	2.9	0.4	50

Total Ukraine	6,282.2	130.0	2.1	59

Average characteristics of natural regeneration of common ash in pure and mixed stands within Ukraine depending on their age.

Age of stands (years)	Characteristics of natural regeneration of common ash
Age of stands (years)	Number (stems ha⁻¹)	Percent of the total number	Proportion of vigorous regeneration (%)	Frequency of occurrence (%)
41–60	1,300 ± 200	33.3 ± 4.3	85.2 ± 3.3	50.0 ± 3.1
61–80	4,200 ± 700	37.8 ± 5.1	94.9 ± 0.8	82.9 ± 3.6
81–100	4,900 ± 900	36.5 ± 5.4	86.8 ± 3.8	68.3 ± 8.5
101–120	8,300 ± 4,400	40.4 ± 7.0	85.5 ± 6.8	77.1 ± 8.9
121	6,900 ± 500	28.3 ± 3.6	93.5 ± 2.0	82.5 ± 6.3

Characteristics of natural advance regeneration (up to 8 years old) under the canopy of mixed oak and ash stands and pure ash stands within Ukraine (sample plots are ordered by increasing the stand age).

	Characteristic of mother stands				The number of advance reproduction (thousand stems ha⁻¹)

Sample plot number*	Composition, %**	Age (years)	Relative density of stocking	Total	Including common ash

					Vigorous	Weak***	Total	Proportion of the species in the composition (%)	Frequency of occurrence (%)
Cherkasy Region

9–Ch₁	Oak 70%–Ash 20%–N-Maple 10%	158	0.55	34.7	6.5	0.1	6.6	19	80
3–Ch₁	Oak 50%–Ash 30%–Lime 20%	188	0.69	25.0	7.4	0.5	7.9	32	70
28–Ch₁	Ash 100%	51	0.83	4.0	1.0	0.1	1.1	27	40

Chernihiv Region

7–Ch₂	Oak 40%–Ash 40%–N-Maple 20%	60	0.60	8.3	2.2	0.1	2.3	28	60
11–Ch₂	Oak 80%–Ash 10%–Lime 10%	109	0.58	16.0	3.8	0.4	4.2	26	60
8–Ch₂	Ash 50%–Oak 20%–N-Maple 20%–Lime 10%	119	0.74	10.2	1.5	–	1.5	15	50
31–Ch₂	Ash 100%	59	0.78	4.2	1.3	0.2	1.5	36	50

Dnipropetrovsk Region

22–Dn	Oak 70%–Ash 30%	91	0.73	4.4	0.7	0.7	1.4	32	50
20–Dn	Oak 90%–Ash 10%	111	0.74	6.9	1.6	1.6	3.2	46	80
36–Dn	Ash 100%	52	0.77	3.6	1.0	0.2	1.2	33	50

Donetsk Region

23–Do	Oak 80%–Ash 20%	70	0.77	13.7	5.7	0.3	6.0	44	80
24–Do	Oak 90%–Ash 10%	79	0.69	13.5	5.1	0.4	5.5	41	80
27–Do	Oak 90%–Ash 10%	110	0.70	16.0	6.6	0.4	7.0	44	100
33–Do	Ash 100%	91	0.62	3.7	0.8	0.1	0.9	24	40

Kyiv Region

15–K	Oak 50%–Ash 40%–N-Maple 10%	99	0.93	11.6	1.9	0.1	2.0	17	50
12–K	Oak 60%–Lime 20%–Ash 10%–N-Maple 10%	100	0.66	20.1	5.3	0.3	5.6	28	100
37–K	Ash 100%	60	0.67	3.2	1.0	0.3	1.3	41	60

Kharkiv Region

17–Kh	Oak 60%–N-Maple 20%–Lime 10%–Ash 10%	84	0.74	25.9	8.0	0.6	8.6	33	100
10–Kh	Oak 80%–Ash 10%–Lime 10%	97	0.85	13.7	1.1	0.4	1.5	11	40
5–Kh	Oak 90%–Ash 10%	100	0.50	11.5	6.4	1.2	7.6	66	100
16–Kh	Oak 60%–Lime 20%–Ash 10%–N-Maple 10%	134	0.86	16.0	5.3	0.4	5.7	36	100
4–Kh	Oak 90%–Ash 10%	193	0.69	26.8	6.4	0.8	7.2	27	80
30–Kh	Ash 100%	77	0.70	4.8	2.6	0.1	2.7	56	90

Kirovohrad Region

40–Ki	Oak 90%–Ash 10%	79	0.79	10.5	3.9	0.2	4.1	39	90
39–Ki	Oak 70%–Lime 20%–Ash 10%	94	0.72	19.9	9.2	0.6	9.8	49	100
38–Ki	Ash 100%	59	0.76	4.6	1.5	0.2	1.7	37	60

Luhansk Region

25–L	Oak 80%–Ash 20%	85	0.76	11.4	4.9	0.1	5.0	44	90
26–L	Oak 80%–Ash 10%–N-Maple 10%	92	0.70	18.3	7.6	0.7	8.3	45	100
34–L	Ash 100%	42	0.71	4.3	0.5	0.2	0.7	16	40

Odesa Region

42–O	Oak 80%–Ash 20%	65	0.80	5.8	1.6	0.1	1.7	29	50
41–O	Ash 100%	65	0.74	4.0	1.1	0.1	1.2	30	50

Poltava Region

1–P	Oak 70%–Ash 20%–Lime 10%	86	0.67	16.5	3.9	0.2	4.1	25	50
19–P	Oak 80%–Ash 20%	90	0.80	12.5	8.5	0.7	9.2	74	80
21–P	Oak 70%–Ash 20%–N-Maple 10%	90	0.71	10.9	3.7	0.6	4.3	39	20
2–P	Oak 70%–Ash 20%–N-Maple 10%	108	0.70	16.7	6.7	0.3	7.0	42	100
32–P	Ash 100%	75	0.72	5.3	2.2	0.2	2.4	45	80

Sumy Region

13–S	Oak 50%–Ash 20%–Lime 20%–N-Maple 10%	78	0.77	35.7	5.1	0.1	5.2	15	100
14–S	Oak 70%–Lime 20%–Ash 10%	79	0.80	6.5	1.6	0.1	1.7	26	70
18–S	Oak 40%–N-Maple 40%–Ash 20%	109	0.78	46.1	32.6	1.5	34.1	74	100
29–S	Ash 100%	104	0.52	3.1	0.8	0.3	1.1	35	50

Vinnytsya Region

44–Vi	Oak 80%–Ash 10%–Lime 10%	103	0.65	14.4	1.3	0.2	1.5	10	50
43–Vi	Ash 100%	76	0.69	4.4	1.3	0.2	1.5	34	60

Volyn Region

45–Vi	Oak 90%–Ash 10%	110	0.65	17.4	1.0	–	1.0	6	40
45–Vi	Ash 100%	45	0.75	2.4	0.3	–	0.3	12	30

Zaporizhzhya Region

6–Za	Oak 80%–Ash 20%	70	0.60	14.8	5.4	0.2	5.6	38	80
35–Za	Ash 100%	54	0.50	2.3	1.1	0.1	1.2	52	50

Zhytomyr Region

47–Zh	Oak 80%–Ash 20%	85	0.80	10.9	1.4	–	1.4	13	60
46–Zh	Ash 100%	50	0.70	1.9	0.4	–	0.4	21	40

Distribution of the ash area in Ukraine by administrative regions in terms of ash proportion (percent of the stock) in mixed stands.

Administative Regions	Area of ash stands (numerator – thousand ha, denominator – percent of the area)
	Total	Including by ash proportion (percent of the stock) in mixed stands
	Total	≤20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
Autonomous Republic of Crimea	4.8100	–	0.24.2	0.510.4	1.020.8	1.327.2	0.714.6	0.510.4	0.36.2	0.36.2
Cherkasy Region	11.5100	0.10.9	1.613.9	3.227.8	2.622.6	1.815.6	0.97.8	0.54.4	0.32.6	0.54.4
Chernihiv Region	3.0100	–	0.826.7	0.826.7	0.620.0	0.413.4	0.26.6	0.13.3	0.13.3	–
Chernivtsi Region	1.4100	–	0.17.1	0.321.5	0.321.5	0.214.3	0.214.3	0.17.1	0.17.1	0.17.1
Dnipropetrovsk Region	1.5100	–	0.16.7	0.320.0	0.320.0	0.16.7	0.213.3	0.320.0	0.16.7	0.16.6
Donetsk Region	7.1100	–	0.11.4	0.34.2	0.45.6	1.318.3	1.622.5	1.926.8	0.811.3	0.79.9
Ivano-Frankivsk Region	1.3100	–	0.17.7	0.215.4	0.215.4	0.323.0	0.215.4	0.17.7	0.17.7	0.17.7
Kharkiv Region	7.1100	–	0.34.2	1.115.5	1.521.2	1.419.8	1.216.9	0.811.2	0.45.6	0.45.6
Kherson Region	0.1100	–	0.0110.0	0.0110.0	0.0110.0	0.0110.0	0.0110.0	0.0220.0	0.0110.0	0.0110.0
Khmelnytsky Region	5.1100	0.23.9	0.59.8	1.529.4	1.223.6	0.815.7	0.47.8	0.23.9	0.12.0	0.23.9
Kyiv Region	6.1100	0.34.9	1.524.6	1.727.9	1.118.0	0.69.8	0.34.9	0.34.9	0.11.7	0.23.3
Kirovohrad Region	11.9100	–	0.32.5	1.19.2	1.512.6	1.411.8	2.016.8	2.218.5	1.411.8	2.016.8
Luhansk Region	12.3100	–	0.21.6	1.411.4	2.117.1	2.318.7	2.520.3	1.814.6	0.86.5	1.29.8
Lviv Region	3.9100	0.12.5	0.615.6	1.025.6	0.615.6	0.512.7	0.410.2	0.37.6	0.25.1	0.25.1
Mykolayiv Region	1.5100	–	–	0.16.7	0.16.7	0.213.3	0.320.0	0.320.0	0.213.3	0.320.0
Odessa Region	4.5100	–	0.12.2	0.24.4	0.36.7	0.511.1	1.022.2	0.920.0	0.715.6	0.817.8
Poltava Region	3.1100	–	0.26.4	0.619.3	0.619.3	0.722.7	0.413.0	0.39.7	0.13.2	0.26.4
Rivne Region	2.4100	–	0.416.7	0.729.1	0.520.7	0.416.7	0.14.2	0.14.2	0.14.2	0.14.2
Sumy Region	12.8100	0.10.8	1.29.4	3.124.2	3.628.1	2.418.8	1.410.9	0.64.6	0.21.6	0.21.6
Ternopil Region	6.4100	0.23.1	1.320.3	1.828.1	1.117.1	0.710.9	0.69.4	0.34.7	0.23.1	0.23.1
Transcarpathian Region	2.6100	–	0.27.7	0.519.2	0.415.4	0.415.4	0.519.2	0.27.7	0.27.7	0.27.7
Vinnytsya Region	14.2100	0.21.4	2.618.3	5.236.6	3.423.9	1.611.4	0.64.2	0.42.8	0.10.7	0.10.7
Volyn Region	1.7100	–	0.423.5	0.529.4	0.423.5	0.211.8	0.15.9	0.15.9	–	–
Zaporizhzhya Region	0.7100	–	–	0.114.3	0.114.3	0.114.3	0.114.3	0.114.3	0.114.3	0.114.2
Zhytomyr Region	2.9100	–	0.620.8	0.620.7	0.620.7	0.413.8	0.413.8	0.13.4	0.13.4	0.13.4

Total Ukraine	130.0100	1.20.9	13.410.3	26.920.7	24.618.9	20.015.4	16.312.6	12.59.6	6.85.2	8.36.4

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Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Ukrainian forests and its successful natural regeneration

Article Category: Research paper

Online veröffentlicht: 11. März 2021

Seitenbereich: 26 - 42

Eingereicht: 26. März 2020

Akzeptiert: 20. Nov. 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2020-0012

Schlüsselwörter
stand composition, stand age, occurrence frequency

© 2020 Viktor Tkach et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Average characteristics of natural regeneration of common ash in pure and mixed stands within Ukraine (by its proportion in the stand composition).

Average characteristics of natural regeneration of common ash in pure and mixed stands within Ukraine, having various relative density of stocking.

Current state of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) stands in Ukraine (as of 2016).

Average characteristics of natural regeneration of common ash in pure and mixed stands within Ukraine depending on their age.

Characteristics of natural advance regeneration (up to 8 years old) under the canopy of mixed oak and ash stands and pure ash stands within Ukraine (sample plots are ordered by increasing the stand age).

Distribution of the ash area in Ukraine by administrative regions in terms of ash proportion (percent of the stock) in mixed stands.

Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Ukrainian forests and its successful natural regeneration

Article Category: Research paper

Online veröffentlicht: 11. März 2021

Seitenbereich: 26 - 42

Eingereicht: 26. März 2020

Akzeptiert: 20. Nov. 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2020-0012

Schlüsselwörterstand composition, stand age, occurrence frequency

© 2020 Viktor Tkach et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Average characteristics of natural regeneration of common ash in pure and mixed stands within Ukraine (by its proportion in the stand composition).

Average characteristics of natural regeneration of common ash in pure and mixed stands within Ukraine, having various relative density of stocking.

Current state of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) stands in Ukraine (as of 2016).

Average characteristics of natural regeneration of common ash in pure and mixed stands within Ukraine depending on their age.

Characteristics of natural advance regeneration (up to 8 years old) under the canopy of mixed oak and ash stands and pure ash stands within Ukraine (sample plots are ordered by increasing the stand age).

Distribution of the ash area in Ukraine by administrative regions in terms of ash proportion (percent of the stock) in mixed stands.

Schlüsselwörter
stand composition, stand age, occurrence frequency