Health-promoting behaviors among hypertensive adult patients with and without comorbidities in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

Characteristics	N, (M ± SE)	%
Gender
Male	42	36.2
Female	74	63.8
Age (years)
35–54	36	31.0
55–74	71	61.2
>74	9	7.8
Level of education
Low	59	50.9
Intermediate	52	44.8
High	5	4.3
Employment status
Yes	44	37.9
No	72	62.1
Smoking history
Yes	17	14.7
No	99	85.3
The presence of existing comorbidity
Yes	33	28.4
No	83	71.6
Blood pressure, mmHg (M ± SE)
Systolic blood pressure	159.65 ± 2.37
Diastolic blood pressure	90.53 ± 1.28

Subscale	M	SD	HT+ (N = 33)	HT− (N = 83)	t-test	Sig.	95% Confidence interval
Interpersonal relationship	3.19	0.48	3.17	3.21	0.376	0.707	−0.161 to 0.236
Spiritual growth	3.07	0.49	3.04	3.09	0.459	0.647	−0.154 to 0.247
Stress management	2.99	0.47	3.08	2.96	−1.15	0.251	−0.308 to 0.081
Health responsibility	2.68	0.66	2.96	2.58	−3.46	0.001^**	−0.600 to −0.162
Nutrition	2.45	0.43	2.63	2.39	−2.82	0.006^**	−0.413 to −0.072
Physical activity	2.34	0.69	2.48	2.29	−1.32	0.188	−0.469 to 0.093
Total	2.79	0.34	2.90	2.76	−2.00	0.047^*	−0.277 to −0.001

Variable(s)	B	SE	Wald	df	Sig.	Exp (B)	95% CI for Exp (B)

							Lower	Upper
Health responsibility	0.370	0.549	0.454	1	0.501	1.448	0.493	4.247
Physical activity	0.198	0.445	0.197	1	0.657	1.219	0.509	2.917
Nutrition	1.153	0.812	2.016	1	0.156	3.166	0.645	15.543
Spiritual growth	−1.108	0.835	1.761	1	0.185	0.330	0.064	1.697
Interpersonal relationship	−0.036	0.838	0.002	1	0.966	0.965	0.187	4.987
Stress management	0.581	0.730	0.633	1	0.426	1.787	0.428	7.471
Gender	1.462	0.659	4.918	1	0.027^*	4.314	1.185	15.706
Age	−0.007	0.034	0.047	1	0.828	0.993	0.929	1.060
Employment	0.457	0.652	0.492	1	0.483	1.580	0.440	5.669
Smoking	−2.376	1.274	3.474	1	0.062	0.093	0.008	1.130
Systolic blood pressure	−0.032	0.019	7.700	1	0.100	0.969	0.933	1.006
Diastolic blood pressure	−0.008	0.029	0.083	1	0.773	0.992	0.936	1.050
Cholesterol	0.004	0.005	0.585	1	0.444	1.004	0.994	1.014
Body mass index	−0.033	0.072	0.208	1	0.648	0.968	0.840	1.115
Constant	1.888	4.614	0.167	1	0.682	6.604

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Existing comorbidity	1
2. Health responsibility	0.260^**	1
3. Physical activity	0.123	0.395^**	1
4. Nutrition	0.255^**	0.430^**	0.401^**	1
5. Spiritual growth	−0.043	0.080	0.215^*	0.049	1
6. Interpersonal relationship	−0.035	0.203^*	0.261^**	0.130	0.633^**	1
7. Stress management	0.107	0.271^**	0.233^*	0.151	0.355^**	0.363^**	1
8. Health-promoting behaviors	0.185^*	0.680^**	0.698^**	0.563^**	0.584^**	0.658^**	0.588^**	1

Health-promoting behaviors among hypertensive adult patients with and without comorbidities in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study†