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Exploring intraspecific pollen morphology variation in Apocynaceae: A roadmap for horticultural innovation

Muhammad Rizwan Khan
Muhammad Rizwan Khan
, 
Muhammad Zafar
Muhammad Zafar
, 
Mushtaq Ahmad
Mushtaq Ahmad
, 
Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi
Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi
, 
Mohamed Soliman Elshikh
Mohamed Soliman Elshikh
, 
Trobjon Makhkamov
Trobjon Makhkamov
, 
Oybek Mamarakhimov
Oybek Mamarakhimov
, 
Akramjon Yuldashev
Akramjon Yuldashev
, 
Laziza Botirova
Laziza Botirova
, 
Dilshod Mamadiyarov
Dilshod Mamadiyarov
, 
Shazia Sultana
Shazia Sultana
, 
Salman Majeed
Salman Majeed
, 
Jamil Raza
Jamil Raza
 und 
Prem Kumar
Prem Kumar
   | 31. Dez. 2023
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Article Category: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Online veröffentlicht: 31. Dez. 2023
Seitenbereich: 479 - 498
Eingereicht: 12. Aug. 2023
Akzeptiert: 09. Nov. 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2023-0034
Schlüsselwörter
© 2023 Muhammad Rizwan Khan et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Map showing the sampling localities of Apocynaceous species.
Map showing the sampling localities of Apocynaceous species.

Figure 2.

Field pictorial view: (A) Allamanda cathartica; (B) Alstonia scholaris; (C) Asclepias curassavica; (D) Calotropis procera; (E) Carissa macrocarpa; (F) Carissa spinarum.
Field pictorial view: (A) Allamanda cathartica; (B) Alstonia scholaris; (C) Asclepias curassavica; (D) Calotropis procera; (E) Carissa macrocarpa; (F) Carissa spinarum.

Figure 3.

Field pictorial view: (A) Cascabela thevetia; (B) Catharanthus roseus; (C) Cryptolepis dubia; (D) Leptadenia pyrotechnica; (E) Nerium oleander; (F) Oxystelma esculentum.
Field pictorial view: (A) Cascabela thevetia; (B) Catharanthus roseus; (C) Cryptolepis dubia; (D) Leptadenia pyrotechnica; (E) Nerium oleander; (F) Oxystelma esculentum.

Figure 4.

Field pictorial view: (A) Pergularia daemia; (B) Periploca aphylla; (C) Plumeria rubra; (D) Tabernaemontana divaricata; (E) Vincetoxicum spirale; (F) Dregea volubilis.
Field pictorial view: (A) Pergularia daemia; (B) Periploca aphylla; (C) Plumeria rubra; (D) Tabernaemontana divaricata; (E) Vincetoxicum spirale; (F) Dregea volubilis.

Figure 5.

Light microphotographs of Apocynaceous pollen showing polar and equatorial view taken at 40 × magnification, scale bar 10 μm (A,B) Allamanda cathartica; (C,D) Alstonia scholaris; (E,F) Carissa macrocarpa; (G,H) Carissa spinarum; (I,J) Cascabela thevetia; (K,L) Catharanthus roseus; (M,N) Cryptolepis dubia; (O,P) Nerium oleander; (Q,R) Plumeria alba; (S,T) Tabernaemontana divaricata.
Light microphotographs of Apocynaceous pollen showing polar and equatorial view taken at 40 × magnification, scale bar 10 μm (A,B) Allamanda cathartica; (C,D) Alstonia scholaris; (E,F) Carissa macrocarpa; (G,H) Carissa spinarum; (I,J) Cascabela thevetia; (K,L) Catharanthus roseus; (M,N) Cryptolepis dubia; (O,P) Nerium oleander; (Q,R) Plumeria alba; (S,T) Tabernaemontana divaricata.

Figure 6.

Light microphotographs of Apocynaceous pollen showing polar and equatorial view taken at 40× magnification, scale bar 10 μm (A) Asclepias curassavica; (B,C) Calotropis procera; (D,E) Leptadenia pyrotechnica; (F,G) Oxystelma esculentum; (H,I) Pergularia daemia; (J,K) Periploca aphylla; (L,M) Vincetoxicum spirale; (N,O) Dregea volubilis.
Light microphotographs of Apocynaceous pollen showing polar and equatorial view taken at 40× magnification, scale bar 10 μm (A) Asclepias curassavica; (B,C) Calotropis procera; (D,E) Leptadenia pyrotechnica; (F,G) Oxystelma esculentum; (H,I) Pergularia daemia; (J,K) Periploca aphylla; (L,M) Vincetoxicum spirale; (N,O) Dregea volubilis.

Figure 7.

Scanning electron photomicrographs of Apocynaceae pollen (A–C) Allamanda cathartica; (D–F) Alstonia scholaris; (G–I) Calotropis procera; (J–L) Carissa macrocarpa.
Scanning electron photomicrographs of Apocynaceae pollen (A–C) Allamanda cathartica; (D–F) Alstonia scholaris; (G–I) Calotropis procera; (J–L) Carissa macrocarpa.

Figure 8.

Scanning electron photomicrographs of Apocynaceae pollen (A–C) Carissa spinarum; (D–F) Cascabela thevetia; (G–I) Catharantheus roseus; (J–L) Cryptolepis dubia.
Scanning electron photomicrographs of Apocynaceae pollen (A–C) Carissa spinarum; (D–F) Cascabela thevetia; (G–I) Catharantheus roseus; (J–L) Cryptolepis dubia.

Figure 9.

Scanning electron photomicrographs of Apocynaceae pollen (A–C) Nerium oleander; (D–F) Pergularia daemia; (G–I) Periploca aphylla; (J–L) Rhazya stricta.
Scanning electron photomicrographs of Apocynaceae pollen (A–C) Nerium oleander; (D–F) Pergularia daemia; (G–I) Periploca aphylla; (J–L) Rhazya stricta.

Figure 10.

Scanning electron photomicrographs of Apocynaceae pollen (A–C) Tabernaemontana divaricata; (D–F) Vinca major; (G–I) Vincetoxicum spirale; (J–L) Dregea volubilis.
Scanning electron photomicrographs of Apocynaceae pollen (A–C) Tabernaemontana divaricata; (D–F) Vinca major; (G–I) Vincetoxicum spirale; (J–L) Dregea volubilis.

Figure 11.

Dendrogram clustering showing the relationship among different Apocynaceous taxa.
Dendrogram clustering showing the relationship among different Apocynaceous taxa.

Figure 12.

PCA performed with the pollen quantitative data from Apocynaceous taxa. PCA, principal component analysis; CL, colpi length; CW, colpi width; ED, equatorial diameter; ET, exine thickness; MC, mesocolpium; PC, polar diameter.
PCA performed with the pollen quantitative data from Apocynaceous taxa. PCA, principal component analysis; CL, colpi length; CW, colpi width; ED, equatorial diameter; ET, exine thickness; MC, mesocolpium; PC, polar diameter.

Qualitative traits of morpho-structure of pollinia.

Sr. No. Apocynaceous taxa Pollinium orientation Pollinium shape Sterile margins Orientation of sterile margins Translator attachment to pollinium Corpuscular arm Translator attachment to corpusculum Colour of pollinia Exine sculpturing
1. Asclepias curassavica L. Pendent Narrowly oblong Absent Absent Basal Absent Sub-apical Brown Psilate & Perforate
2. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. Pendent Obovate Absent Absent Basal Absent Sub-apical Canary yellow Psilate
3. Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. Transverse Orbicular Present Apical Basal Absent Apical Brown Psilate
4. Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) Sm Pendent Narrowly oblong Absent Absent Basal Absent Apical Yellow Perforate
5. Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. Pendent Obovate Pseudo-sterile Parallel Basal Absent Apical Pinkish Brown Psilate, perforate
6. Vincetoxicum spirale (Forssk.) D.Z.Li Pendent Narrowly oblong Absent Absent Basal Present Apical Golden Psilate, perforate
7. Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f Erect Reniform Absent Absent Basal Absent Apical Sulphur yellow Perforate

Quantitative measurement of pollinia.

Sr. No. Apocynaceous taxa Length of pollinium Sac mean (min–max) SE (μm) Breadth of pollinium Sac mean (min–max) SE (μm) Length of translator mean (min–max) SE (μm) Breadth of translator mean (min–max) SE (μm) Length of corpusculum mean (min–max) SE (μm) Breadth of corpusculum mean (min–max) SE (μm)
1. Asclepias curassavica L. 209.60 (200.25–215.75) ± 1.62 82.70 (73.75–88.00) ± 0.44 90.05 (83.50–100.50) ± 2.85 23.25 (22.25–24.25) ± 0.35 89.25 (83.75–93.50) ± 1.64 33.25 (23.75–41.00) ± 2.800
2. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. 315.81 (306.50–323.25) ± 0.48 129.44(128.25–130.50) ± 0.55 47.25 (41.25–51.25) ± 0.27 12.87(11.50–13.75) ± 0.48 90.93 (85.25–95.50) ± 0.61 56.68 (51.00–65.75) ± 0.20
3. Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. 46.30 (35.25–55.75) ± 0.82 33.35 (26.50–41.25) ± 0.19 7.25 (5.25–9.00) ± 0.66 7.75 (5.75–12.75) ± 0.26 16.80 (10.25–22.75) ± 0.02 13.40 (12.75–14.75) ± 0.35
4. Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) Sin 179.55 (81.25–98.32) ± 0.69 37.62 (40.23–35.02) ± 0.25 24.7 (23.15 +26.25) ± 0.82 8.75(8.3–9.2) ± 0.62 74.63 (78.36–70.92) ± 0.82 34.40 (32.26–36.55) ± 1.12
5. Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. 168.45 (159.00–178.00) ± 1.37 61.30 (55.25–71.50) ± 0.90 Absent Absent 51.65 (46.00–54.00) ± 0.49 41.40 (32.00–60.75) ± 0.23
6. Vincetoxicum spirale (Forssk.) D.Z.Li 74.55 (73.25–77.00) ± 0.73 47.65 (42.75–57.75) ± 0.70 21.55 (18.25–25.25) ± 1.36 21.45 (17.75–25.50) ± 0.33 75.85 (71.25–82.75) ± 0.14 37.40 (31.25–42.75) ± 0.82
7. Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f 98.15 (58.25–117.25) ± 1.90 38.35 (32.00–43.25) ± 0.01 14.85 (12.25–18.00) ± 1.01 7.95 (7.25–8.75) ± 0.25 258.60 (244–270.50) x± 0.35 33.95 (17.75–56.25) ± 7.85

Quantitative findings of Apocynaceous pollen.

Sr. No. Apocynaceous taxa P/E ratio Exine thickness mean (min–max) SE (μm) Polar diameter mean (min–max) SE (μm) Equatorial diameter mean (min–max) SE (μm) Length of colpi mean (min–max) SE (μm) Width of colpi mean (min–max) SE (μm) Mesocolpium mean (min–max) SE (μm)
1. Allamanda cathartica L. 0.99 1.95 (1.25–2.75) ± 0.26 30.1 (27.25–32.75) ± 0.89 30.25 (28.00–33.75) ± 0.95 13.65 (12.25–16.25) ± 0.70 6.05 (4.75–7.25) ± 0.48 21.60 (21.75–23.75) ± 0.74
2. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. 0.86 3.10 (3.75–2.75) ± 0.18 20.75 (15.25–23.25) ± 0.51 23.40 (20.25–27.75) ± 0.30 5.30 (4.50–6.50) ± 0.34 4.80 (2.00–6.25) ± 0.72 21.95 (20.50–23.75) ± 0.62
3. Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.)A. DC. 0.99 3.20 (2.75–3.50) ± 0.14 36.80 (34.50–39.50) ± 0.89 36.95 (35.75–38.25) ± 0.46 3.00 (2.25–4.00) ± 0.34 5.50 (4.50–7.25) ± 0.48 35.85 (32.75–38.50) ± 0.07
4. Carissa spinarum L. 0.92 3.35 (2.75–4.50) ± 0.32 24.30 (23.25–26.25) ± 0.55 26.35 (25.25–27.75) ± 0.46 2.8 (2.25–3.25) ± 0.16 2.25 (2.00–3.00) ± 0.18 20.55 (18.50–23.75) ± 0.93
5. Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold 1.02 2.8(3.20–4.10) ± 0.28 113.45 (109.4–114.2) ± 0.8 109.20 (107.7–110.2) ± 0.40 5.20 (4.70–5.57) ± 0.13 15.20(15.30–15.20) ± 0.50 18.33 (17.50–19.25) ± 0.55
6. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don 0.98 4.85 (4.50–5.25) ± 0.37 56.45 (55.75–57.75) ± 0.89 57.30 (55.25–61.25) ± 0.38 13.60 (13.00–14.25) ± 0.48 6.50 (6.00–7.00) ± 0.395 44.25 (44.25–47.25) ± 0.379
7. Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R. Almeida 0.74 1.35 (0.25–2.50) ± 0.43 20.30 (19.75–20.75) ± 0.16 27.10 (25.25–29.50) ± 0.78 Absent Absent Absent
8. Nerium oleander L. 0.98 3.20 (2.75–3.75) ± 0.20 33.65 (32.00–35.75) ± 0.69 34.25 (33.25–37.00) ± 0.70 3.10 (1.25–4.25) ± 0.52 5.25 (4.00–6.00) ± 0.34 36.70 (33.75–38.50) ± 0.89
9. Periploca aphylla Decne. 3.53 4.90 (4.50–5.50) ± 0.20 52.00 (49.50–55.25) ± 0.72 24.16 (21.25–26.00) ± 1.02 Absent Absent Absent
10. Plumeria rubra L. 1.08 3.10 (2.75–3.50) ± 0.12 36.85 (31.00–40.25) ± 0.63 33.95 (29.50–37.00) ± 0.32 0.45 (0.25–0.75) ± 0.09 10.50 (10.25–10.75) ± 0.11 38.55 (38.00–39.50) ± 0.25
11. Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. 0.96 1.65 (0.75–2.25) ± 0.28 28.85 (28.25–30.50) ± 0.42 29.80 (27.75–32.75) ± 0.86 8.45 (2.75–10.75) ± 0.50 8.45 (2.75–10.75) ± 0.50 14.100 (13.25–15.25) ± 0.35

Checklist of Apocynaceous plants sampling and herbarium accession.

Sr. No. Apocynaceous taxa Flowering period Voucher No. Localities Coordinates Collector’s name Accession No. Altitude (feet) District/province
1. Allamanda cathartica L. June to September AC-01 Green town 32.576547° N, 71.575377° E Rizwan & Salman ISL-133416 688 Mianwali/Punjab
2. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. November to January AS-16 Cantt. 31.513099° N, 74.373667° E Rizwan ISL-133415 712 Lahore/Punjab
3. Asclepias curassavica L. June to October AC-32 Rawalpindi 33.567410° N, 73.085568° E Rizwan ISL-133428 1,680 Rawalpindi/Punjab
4. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. October to December CP-06 Mirpur 25.514458° N, 69.023728° E Rizwan & Prem ISL-133431 60 Mirpur/Sindh
5. Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. October to November CM-15 Chakwal 32.939325° N, 72.864004° E Rizwan ISL-133422 1,965 Chakwal/Punjab
6. Carissa spinarum L. July to August CS-10 Rumli 33.752956° N, 73.136338° E Rizwan & Prem ISL-133426 2,346 Islamabad
7. Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold June to October CT-11 ICT 33.745615° N, 73.137888° E Rizwan & Prem ISL-133418 2,031 Islamabad
8. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don July to August CR-03 QAU 33.745623° N, 73132074° E Rizwan ISL-133419 2,031 Islamabad
9. Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R.Almeida June to August CD-13 Sakesar 32.541652° N, 71.934362° E Rizwan ISL-133430 4,960 Khushab/Punjab
10. Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. July to September LP-09 Namal 32.668914° N, 71.614760° E Rizwan & Salman ISL-133425 1,129 Mianwali/Punjab
11. Nerium oleander L. July to September NO-12 Talagang 32.913338° N, 72.426670° E Rizwan ISL-133424 1,666 Talagang/Punjab
12. Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) Sm July to January OE-23 Mirpur 25.504108° N, 69.037589° E Rizwan & Jamil ISL-133427 63 Mirpur/Sindh
13. Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. October to November PD-14 Jehlum 32.951902° N, 73.689400° E Rizwan ISL-133429 768 Jehlum/Punjab
14. Periploca aphylla Decne. June to September PA-05 Sakesar 32.558860° N, 71.913981° E Rizwan ISL-133414 5,092 Khushab/Punjab
15. Plumeria rubra L. July to October PR-08 Mirpur 25.359219° N, 69.143117° E Rizwan & Jamil ISL-133421 59 Mirpur/Sindh
16. Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. August to September TD-04 GHS 32.577587° N, 71.537370° E Rizwan 133423 650 Mianwali/Punjab
17. Vincetoxicum spirale (Forssk.) D.Z.Li June to August VS-07 Daud Khail 32.888711° N, 71.614760° E Rizwan 133420 692 Mianwali/Punjab
18. Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f July to August WV-02 QAU 33.746286° N, 73.138156° E Rizwan 133417 2,031 Islamabad

Qualitative pollen micromorphological characters of Apocynaceous taxa.

Sr. No. Apocynaceous taxa Size Pollen type Pollen shape Polar view (Amb) Dispersal unit Aperture orientation Exine sculpturing
1. Allamanda cathartica L. Medium Tricolporate Sub-spheroidal Triangular (convex) Monad Colporate Reticulate
2. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Small Tricolporate Sub-spheroidal Lobate & isoplar Monad Scabrate Psilate to perforate
3. Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. Medium Tricolporate Oblate spheroidal Circular & isoplar Monad Colporate Perforate to regulate
4. Carissa spinarum L. Medium Tricolporate Oblate spheroidal Lobate & isopolar Monad Colporate Perforate, psilate to regulate
5. Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Very large Tricolporate Prolate spheroidal Lobate Monad Colporus Microreticulate to perforate
6. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Large Tricolporate Oblate spheroidal Irregular Monad Colporate Perforate to scabrate
7. Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.). M.R. Almeida Small to medium Tetrad Rhombodial Rhombodial Tetrad Reticulate
8. Nerium oleander L. Medium Tetraporate Oblate spheroidal Circular Monad Porate Psilate
9. Periploca aphylla Decne. Small to large Tetrad Oblong Rhomboidal Tetrad Porate Psilate
10. Plumeria rubra L. Medium Tricolporate Prolate spheroidal Lobate & isoploar Monad Colporate Psilate to scabrate
11. Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Medium Tricolpate Oblate spheroidal Circular & isopolar Monad Colpoate Perforate

Pollen ferity and sterility count among Apocynaceous species.

Sr. No. Apocynaceous taxa Fertile pollen/pollinia Sterile pollen/pollinia Fertility% Sterility%
1. Allamanda cathartica L. 26 12 68.42 31.57
2. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. 18 06 75.00 25.00
3. Asclepias curassavica L. 05 01 83.33 16.66
4. Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. 08 04 66.66 33.33
5. Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. 23 09 71.87 28.12
6. Carissa spinarum L. 14 04 77.77 22.22
7. Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold 21 08 72.41 27.58
8. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don 14 06 70.00 30.00
9. Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R. Almeida 12 02 85.71 14.28
10. Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. 08 02 80.00 20.00
11. Nerium oleander L. 09 02 81.81 18.18
12. Oxystelma esculentum (L. f.) Sm 10 03 76.92 23.07
13. Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. 05 02 71.42 28.57
14. Periploca aphylla Decne. 11 04 73.33 26.66
15. Plumeria rubra L. 11 03 78.57 21.42
16. Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. 16 05 76.19 23.80
17. Vincetoxicum spirale (Forssk.) D.Z. Li 06 02 75.00 25.00
18. Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f 07 03 70.00 30.00

PCA % variance loadings for the Apocynaceous pollen.

PC Eigenvalue % variance
1 2.35994 39.332
2 1.53998 25.666
3 1.0319 17.198
4 0.82796 13.799
5 0.239496 3.9916
6 0.000728 0.012128

j.fhort-2023-0034.tab.008

1+ Pollen tetraporate, oblate-spheroidal, psilate ornamentation.................. N. oleander
− Pollen tetrad, tricolporate...................... 2
2 + Tetrad, oblong, psilate sculpturing.................... P. aphylla
2 − Tetrad, rhomboidal, reticulate sculpturing................. C. dubia
3 + Tricolporate, oblate spheroidal, perforate-regulate exine............ C. macrocarpa
3 − Tricolporate, lobate, psilate-regulate sculpturing............. C. spinarum
4 + Oblate-spheroidal, tricolporate, perforate-scabrate................. C. roseus
4 − Colporate, perforate exine sculpturing.................... T. divaricata
5 + Sub-spheroidal, reticulate exine, tricolporate............... A. cathartica
5 − Lobate, psilate-perforate exine................. A. scholaris
6 + Prolate-spheroidal, tricolporate, psilate to scabrate exine............. P. alba
6 − Colporus, micro-reticulate exine, lobate.................. C. thevetia
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