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Zn2+ induces changes in activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and emissions of floral volatiles in Dendrobium huoshanense

Wangsheng Zhu
Wangsheng Zhu
, 
Jun Dai
Jun Dai
 und 
Jiahong Wang
Jiahong Wang
   | 02. Juni 2022
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Article Category: Original Article
Online veröffentlicht: 02. Juni 2022
Seitenbereich: 105 - 124
Eingereicht: 12. Aug. 2021
Akzeptiert: 25. Apr. 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2022-0009
Schlüsselwörter
© 2022 Wangsheng Zhu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Population (A,B), plant (C) and flower (D) of D. huoshanense in the greenhouse.
Population (A,B), plant (C) and flower (D) of D. huoshanense in the greenhouse.

Figure 2

Intracellular Zn2+ fluorescence images (A-a, control group; B-b, 2 mM ZnSO4 treatments; C-c, 4 mM ZnSO4 treatments; D-d, 8 mM ZnSO4 treatments) in D. huoshanense petals at 6 h after the treatment of different concentrations of ZnSO4. The images were taken in darkfield (A–D) and brightfield (a–d).
Intracellular Zn2+ fluorescence images (A-a, control group; B-b, 2 mM ZnSO4 treatments; C-c, 4 mM ZnSO4 treatments; D-d, 8 mM ZnSO4 treatments) in D. huoshanense petals at 6 h after the treatment of different concentrations of ZnSO4. The images were taken in darkfield (A–D) and brightfield (a–d).

Figure 3

Effects of different concentrations of ZnSO4 at different times on treatments since the treatment on average ± SE activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (A), II (B), III (C), IV (D) and V (E) in D. huoshanense petals. The superscript symbols * and ** indicate that there is a significant difference between means in p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively. SE, standard error.
Effects of different concentrations of ZnSO4 at different times on treatments since the treatment on average ± SE activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (A), II (B), III (C), IV (D) and V (E) in D. huoshanense petals. The superscript symbols * and ** indicate that there is a significant difference between means in p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively. SE, standard error.

Figure 4

Effects of ZnSO4 treatments on precursor (IPP, A; DMAPP, B; Phe, C; LA, D; LNA, E) and ATP (F) levels in D. huoshanense petals. The superscript symbols * and ** indicate that there is a significant difference between means in p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively. IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; Phe, phenylalanine, LA, linoleic acid; LNA, linolenic acid, ATP, adenosine triphosphate.
Effects of ZnSO4 treatments on precursor (IPP, A; DMAPP, B; Phe, C; LA, D; LNA, E) and ATP (F) levels in D. huoshanense petals. The superscript symbols * and ** indicate that there is a significant difference between means in p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively. IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; Phe, phenylalanine, LA, linoleic acid; LNA, linolenic acid, ATP, adenosine triphosphate.

Figure 5

Effects of ZnSO4 treatments on emissions of terpenoids (A), benzenes (B), fatty acid derivatives (C) and total floral volatiles (D) from D. huoshanense petals. The superscript symbols * and ** indicate that there is a significant difference between means in p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively.
Effects of ZnSO4 treatments on emissions of terpenoids (A), benzenes (B), fatty acid derivatives (C) and total floral volatiles (D) from D. huoshanense petals. The superscript symbols * and ** indicate that there is a significant difference between means in p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively.

Figure 6

Structure diagram of canonical correlation analysis among the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (X group), production rates of precursors and ATP (Y group) and emissions of floral volatiles (Z group). (A) shows there is a significantly positive correlation between the X group and the Y group at the statistical 1% level. Similar to (A), (B) also shows a statistical correlation between the X and Z groups. (C) has two canonical correlation coefficients, and they are both statistically significant at the 1% level, indicating that there is a very close positive correlation between the Y and Z group even though their internal canonical loading of each indicator inside the Y and Z group is different. The superscript symbols * and ** indicate that there is a significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the X group, the Y group and the Z group in p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively. ATP, adenosine triphosphate, Phe, phenylalanine; IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; LA, linoleic acid; LNA, linolenic acid; DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate.
Structure diagram of canonical correlation analysis among the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (X group), production rates of precursors and ATP (Y group) and emissions of floral volatiles (Z group). (A) shows there is a significantly positive correlation between the X group and the Y group at the statistical 1% level. Similar to (A), (B) also shows a statistical correlation between the X and Z groups. (C) has two canonical correlation coefficients, and they are both statistically significant at the 1% level, indicating that there is a very close positive correlation between the Y and Z group even though their internal canonical loading of each indicator inside the Y and Z group is different. The superscript symbols * and ** indicate that there is a significant difference in the correlation coefficients between the X group, the Y group and the Z group in p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively. ATP, adenosine triphosphate, Phe, phenylalanine; IPP, isopentenyl pyrophosphate; LA, linoleic acid; LNA, linolenic acid; DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate.

Figure S1

Total ion chromatogram [(A), the control group; (B), 2 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (C), 4 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (D), 8 mM ZnSO4 treatments] of floral volatiles from D. huoshanense petals at 6 h after different ZnSO4 concentration treatments. MS, mass spectrometer; TIC, total ion chromatograph; NL, nominal level; RT, retention time.
Total ion chromatogram [(A), the control group; (B), 2 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (C), 4 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (D), 8 mM ZnSO4 treatments] of floral volatiles from D. huoshanense petals at 6 h after different ZnSO4 concentration treatments. MS, mass spectrometer; TIC, total ion chromatograph; NL, nominal level; RT, retention time.

Figure S2

Total ion chromatogram [(A), the control group; (B), 2 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (C), 4 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (D), 8 mM ZnSO4 treatments] of floral volatiles from D. huoshanense petals at 9 h after different ZnSO4 concentration treatments. MS, mass spectrometer; TIC, total ion chromatograph; NL, nominal level; RT, retention time.
Total ion chromatogram [(A), the control group; (B), 2 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (C), 4 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (D), 8 mM ZnSO4 treatments] of floral volatiles from D. huoshanense petals at 9 h after different ZnSO4 concentration treatments. MS, mass spectrometer; TIC, total ion chromatograph; NL, nominal level; RT, retention time.

Figure S3

Total ion chromatogram [(A), the control group; (B), 2 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (C), 4 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (D), 8 mM ZnSO4 treatments)] of floral volatiles from D. huoshanense petals at 12 h after different ZnSO4 concentration treatments. MS, mass spectrometer; TIC, total ion chromatograph; NL, nominal level; RT, retention time.
Total ion chromatogram [(A), the control group; (B), 2 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (C), 4 mM ZnSO4 treatments; (D), 8 mM ZnSO4 treatments)] of floral volatiles from D. huoshanense petals at 12 h after different ZnSO4 concentration treatments. MS, mass spectrometer; TIC, total ion chromatograph; NL, nominal level; RT, retention time.

Canonical correlation analysis between the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and emission of floral volatiles.

Correlations between Set-1 (the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes) and Set-2 (emission of floral volatiles)
Terpenoids Benzoids Fatty acid derivatives
Complex I 0.6595 0.4476 0.5092
Complex II 0.9692 0.9762 0.9915
Complex III 0.5268 0.3042 0.3576
Complex IV 0.6398 0.4167 0.4832
Complex V 0.9804 0.9706 0.9929
Canonical correlations
0.999
Test that remaining correlations are zero:
Wilk's Chi-SQ DF Sig.
0.000 60.329 15.000 0.000

Canonical correlation analysis between the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and the production of precursors and ATP.

Correlations between Set-1 (the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes) and Set-2 (production of precursors and ATP)
IPP DMAPP Phe LA LNA ATP
Complex I 0.7104 0.6786 0.7207 0.7872 0.6727 0.5994
Complex II 0.9404 0.9674 0.9549 0.9294 0.9483 0.9942
Complex III 0.5799 0.5574 0.6105 0.6911 0.5508 0.4600
Complex IV 0.6895 0.6677 0.7079 0.7787 0.6699 0.5780
Complex V 0.9549 0.9754 0.9643 0.9338 0.9534 0.9942
Canonical correlations
0.999
Test that remaining correlations are zero:
Wilk's Chi-SQ DF Sig.
0.000 51.362 30.000 0.009

Zn2+ fluorescence intensity and Zn concentrations in D. huoshanense petals at 6 h after the treatment of different concentrations of ZnSO4.

ZnSO4 treatments (mM) Zn2+ intensity (mean) Zn concentrations (mg · kg DM)
Darkfield Brightfield
0 26.56 ± 1.01 93.82 ± 1.35 39.36 ± 2.63
2 27.33 ± 0.80* 99.74 ± 1.52* 45.29 ± 3.85*
4 37.27 ± 1.42** 108.33 ± 0.87** 51.12 ± 3.14**
8 41.06 ± 1.22** 120.25 ± 1.43** 71.45 ± 4.21**

Canonical correlation analysis between the production of precursors and ATP and emission of floral volatiles.

Correlations between Set-1 (the production of precursors and ATP) and Set-2 (emission of floral volatiles)
Terpenoids Benzoids Fatty acid derivatives
IPP 0.9905 0.8834 0.9420
DMAPP 0.9969 0.9262 0.9658
Phe 0.9837 0.8945 0.9446
LA 0.9696 0.8601 0.9096
LNA 0.9883 0.9012 0.9498
ATP 0.9856 0.9704 0.9919
Canonical correlations
0.999

Component of floral volatiles from D. huoshanense petals treated with different concentrations of ZnSO4. The values of component contents ± SE in Table 2 were an average of their contents at 6 h, 9 h and 12 h after ZnSO4 treatments.

Component code Component name RI (retention time) calculation value RI (retention time) reference value Component content (μg · g−1 FW)
ZnSO4 concentrations (mM)
0 2 4 8
Monoterpenes (C 10) and sesquiterpenes (C 15) and terpenoid derivatives
A1 α-Pinene 936 939 0.82 ± 0.01 0.76 ± 0.02 0.85 ± 0.03 0.72 ± 0.03
A2 1,8-Cineol 1,018 1,015 0.34 ± 0.01 0.34 ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.02
A3 α-Ocimene 1,023 1,018 0.65 ± 0.03 0.67 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.02 0.83 ± 0.02
A4 β-Ocimene 1,049 1,044 16.49 ± 0.13 17.56 ± 0.15 19.62 ± 0.14 13.97 ± 0.11
A5 β-trans-Ocimene 1,056 1,050 1.45 ± 0.03 4.93 ± 0.06 2.02 ± 0.03 0.61 ± 0.01
A6 α-Cyclocitral 1,091 1,102 0.32 ± 0.02 0.28±0.03 0.26 ± 0.02 0.41 ± 0.03
A7 Linalool 1,096 1,102 0.66 ± 0.02 0.69 ± 0.02 0.63 ± 0.02 0.68 ± 0.01
A8 (E,E)-2,6-Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene 1,135 1,143.5 - - 0.68 ± 0.03 -
A9 (E)-Isopentyl 2-methylbut-2-enoate 1,189 1,195.8 0.75 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.02 0.85 ± 0.02 1.09 ± 0.02
A10 β-Cyclocitral 1,218 1,214 0.16 ± 0.03 0.16 ± 0.01 0.17 ± 0.01 -
A11 Geraniol 1,258 1,254 0.65 ± 0.02 0.83 ± 0.01 1.06 ± 0.02 3.04 ± 0.03
A12 δ-Elemene 1,321 1,324 0.91 ± 0.03 2.09 ± 0.04 5.38 ± 0.05 1.14 ± 0.10
A13 β-Elemene 1,369 1,373 0.46 ± 0.02 0.47 ± 0.01 0.42 ± 0.02 0.48 ± 0.03
A14 α-Ionone 1,421 1,426 0.38 ± 0.03 2.84 ± 0.03 0.43 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.02
A15 β-Caryophillene 1,425 1,417 10.46 ± 0.08 7.54 ± 0.06 20.73 ± 0.06 4.60 ± 0.05
A16 α, β-Dihydro-b-ionone 1,438 1,433 2.13 ± 0.04 1.38 ± 0.04 1.83 ± 0.03 0.96 ± 0.02
A17 Geranyl acetone 1,459 1,455 1.32 ± 0.02 1.79 ± 0.03 2.56 ± 0.06 0.92 ± 0.02
A18 α-Farnesene 1,516 1,507 3.13 ± 0.06 8.05 ± 0.09 6.12 ± 0.05 1.48 ± 0.04
A19 α-Cedrene epoxide 1,598 1,570 0.29 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.01
A20 Caryophyllene oxide 1,623 1,593 0.46 ± 0.05 0.45 ± 0.05 0.50 ± 0.03 0.36 ± 0.02
A21 (E, E) -Farnesol 1,692 1,722 0.38 ± 0.01 0.34 ± 0.03 0.39 ± 0.02 0.24 ± 0.02
Benzoids
B1 1-Ethenyl-4-methoxybenzene 1,149 1,151.6 1.02 ± 0.01 1.14 ± 0.02 1.46 ± 0.21 0.84 ± 0.01
B2 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene 1,158 1,165 0.82 ± 0.02 0.86 ± 0.02 0.97 ± 0.02 0.74 ± 0.01
B3 4-(2-Propenyl) phenol 1,249 1,254 0.14 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02 -
B4 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene 1,263 1,260 0. 22 ± 0. 01 0. 22 ± 0. 02 0. 19 ± 0. 02 0. 26 ± 0. 02
B5 3-methoxy-5-methylphenol 1,340 1,342 0. 33 ± 0. 02 0. 33 ± 0. 03 0. 32 ± 0. 01 0. 33 ± 0. 02
B6 Butylated Hydroxytoluene 1,507 1,511 - - 1.65 ± 0.02 -
Fatty acid derivatives
C1 3-Methylbutanoic acid methyl ester 769 765 0.46 ± 0.02 0.63 ± 0.05 0.81 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02
C2 2-Methylbutyric acid, methyl ester 778 780 0.27 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.03
C3 Hexanal 793 800 0.21 ± 0.01 0.18 ± 0.03 0.24 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.02
C4 2-Hexanol 806 803 0.85 ± 0.02 0.97 ± 0.01 1.57 ± 0.04 0.64 ± 0.02
C5 Acetic acid, butyl ester 809 812 0.59 ± 0.03 0.54 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.04 0.53 ± 0.02
C6 2-Methylbutanoic acid ethyl ester 841 846 0.56 ± 0.01 0.59 ± 0.021 0.68 ± 0.03 -
C7 (Z)-Hex-3-en-1-ol 849 851 0.45 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.02 0.51 ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.03
C8 1-Hexanol 856 867 1.41 ± 0.04 1.04 ± 0.02 6.33 ± 0.08 3.02 ± 0.01
C9 3-Methylbutanoic acid ethyl ester 857 859 0.32 ± 0.02 1.11 ± 0.03 1.65 ± 0.04 0.51 ± 0.01
C10 Acetic acid, 3-methylbutyl ester 881 876 0.47 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.01 0.42 ± 0.01 0.40 ± 0.02
C11 Tiglic acid ethyl ester 952 949 - 1.28 ± 0.05 1.74 ± 0.02 -
C12 1-Heptanol 975 970 1.08 ± 0.04 2.56 ± 0.06 1.56 ± 0.02 0.89 ± 0.02
C13 1-Octen-3-ol 998 986 0.94 ± 0.02 1.16 ± 0.01 1.78 ± 0.01 0.73 ± 0.02
C14 3-Octanone 1,003 987 4.53 ± 0.09 1.78 ± 0.02 7.33 ± 0.03 2.84 ± 0.03
C15 3-Octanol 1,009 995 0.51 ± 0.01 0.47 ± 0.02 0.54 ± 0.02 0.49 ± 0.01
C16 (E) -2-Octen-1-ol 1,062 1,067 0.51 ± 0.01 0.52 ± 0.01 0.58 ± 0.02 0.99 ± 0.02
C17 Nonanal 1,110 1,089 0.44 ± 0.02 0.35 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.02 0.48 ± 0.01
C18 3-Nonen-2-one 1,142 1,136 0.67 ± 0.02 0.69 ± 0.03 0.78 ± 0.03 0.65 ± 0.02
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