Are prohexadione calcium and Pseudomonas fluorescens a solution to limit the spread of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) on football pitches?
, , und | 07. Sept. 2021
Über diesen Artikel
Article Category: Original Article
Online veröffentlicht: 07. Sept. 2021
Seitenbereich: 275 - 292
Eingereicht: 28. Mai 2021
Akzeptiert: 22. Juli 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2021-0021
Schlüsselwörter
© 2021 Tanja Bohinc et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
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Spraying dates within Experiments 1 and 2.
| Experiment type | Treatment | Dates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11th Feb | 18th Feb | 25th Feb | 3rd Mar | 10th Mar | 17th Mar | 24th Mar | 31st Mar | 7th Apr | ||
| 1 | Contr | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
| Pc | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Eth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Mes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | ||||
| 2 | Contr | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||
| Pc | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Eth | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
| Mes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | ||||
Repeated measures ANOVA parameters for the main effects and associated interactions for plant height within turfgrass species in Experiments 1 and 2 (error df = 470).
| Experiment type | Source | df | F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sources within annual bluegrass | |||
| Date of evaluation | 18 | 11.7 | <0.05 | |
| Treatment | 4 | 43.3 | <0.05 | |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 72 | 2.9 | <0.05 | |
| Source within perennial ryegrass | ||||
| Date of evaluation | 18 | 19.9 | <0.05 | |
| Treatment | 4 | 50.6 | <0.05 | |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 72 | 2.7 | <0.05 | |
| Source within Kentucky bluegrass | ||||
| Date of evaluation | 18 | 33.4 | <0.05 | |
| Treatment | 4 | 17.1 | <0.05 | |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 72 | 8.3 | <0.05 | |
| 2 | Source within annual bluegrass | |||
| Date of evaluation | 15 | 245.436 | <0.05 | |
| Treatment | 4 | 105.3 | <0.05 | |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 60 | 93.9 | <0.05 | |
| Source within |
||||
| Date of evaluation | 15 | 198.8 | <0.05 | |
| Treatment | 4 | 122.1 | <0.05 | |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 60 | 66.3 | <0.05 | |
| Source within |
||||
| Date of evaluation | 15 | 148.5 | <0.05 | |
| Treatment | 4 | 163.8 | <0.05 | |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 60 | 8.3 | <0.05 | |
Plant height ratio of three turfgrass species across five treatments and three growth periods – Experiment 1.
| Turfgrass species | Treatment | Period | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd Mar/11th Feb | 27th Mar/6th Mar | 17th Apr/31st Mar | ||
| Annual bluegrass | Contr | 2.03 | 1.45 | 1.10 |
| 1.86 | 1.58 | 1.00 | ||
| Pc | 1.28 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Eth | 1.58 | 1.52 | 1.00 | |
| Mes | 1.81 | 1.52 | 1.00 | |
| Perennial ryegrass | Contr | 1.25 | 1.58 | 1.07 |
| 1.17 | 1.71 | 1.04 | ||
| Pc | 0.94 | 1.20 | 1.00 | |
| Eth | 1.05 | 1.17 | 1.14 | |
| Mes | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | |
| Kentucky bluegrass | Contr | 2.06 | 1.80 | 1.35 |
| 2.41 | 1.57 | 1.37 | ||
| Pc | 1.09 | 1.21 | 1.00 | |
| Eth | 1.75 | 1.03 | 1.00 | |
| Mes | 1.35 | – | – | |
Tillers ratio of three turfgrass species across five treatments and two growth periods – Experiment 2.
| Turfgrass species | Treatment | Period | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20th Mar/28th Feb | 17th Apr/23rd Mar | ||
| Annual bluegrass | Contr | 1.13 | 1.00 |
| 0.93 | 1.06 | ||
| Pc | 1.19 | 1.23 | |
| Eth | 0.94 | 1.63 | |
| Mes | 0.89 | 1.06 | |
| Perennial ryegrass | Contr | 1.26 | 1.04 |
| 1.35 | 0.89 | ||
| Pc | 1.42 | 1.21 | |
| Eth | 1.75 | 1.37 | |
| Mes | 1.00 | – | |
| Kentucky bluegrass | Contr | 1.19 | 0.80 |
| 1.12 | 1.06 | ||
| Pc | 1.43 | 1.00 | |
| Eth | 1.37 | 1.04 | |
| Mes | 0.94 | – | |
Repeated measures ANOVA parameters for the main effects and associated interaction for average plant height.
| Source between variables | df | F | |
|---|---|---|---|
| All between | 30 | 41.13 | <0.05 |
| Intercept | 1 | 33.12 | <0.05 |
| Treatment | 4 | 61.34 | <0.05 |
| Turfgrass species | 2 | 42.72 | <0.05 |
| Experiment type | 1 | 14.23 | <0.05 |
| Treatment × turfgrass species | 8 | 8.10 | <0.05 |
| Treatment × experiment type | 4 | 0.66 | 0.053 |
| Turfgrass species × experiment type | 2 | 8.26 | <0.05 |
| Treatment × turfgrass species × experiment type | 8 | 2.03 | <0.05 |
| Source within Experiment 1 | |||
| Within interactions | 140 | 87.12 | <0.05 |
| Date of evaluation | 18 | 1,749.17 | <0.05 |
| Treatment | 4 | 154.24 | <0.05 |
| Turfgrass species | 2 | 197.68 | <0.05 |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 72 | 29.46 | <0.05 |
| Date of evaluation × turfgrass species | 36 | 122.71 | <0.05 |
| Treatment × turfgrass species | 8 | 132.78 | <0.05 |
| Source within Experiment 2 | |||
| Within interactions | 139 | 77.08 | <0.05 |
| Date of evaluation | 19 | 154.62 | <0.05 |
| Treatment | 4 | 142.48 | <0.05 |
| Turfgrass species | 2 | 109.22 | <0.05 |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 76 | 68.22 | <0.05 |
| Date of evaluation × turfgrass species | 38 | 45.45 | <0.05 |
Repeated measures ANOVA parameters for the main effects and associated interactions for average tiller number per plant within turfgrass species in Experiments 1 and 2 (error df = 474).
| Experiment type | Source | df | F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sources within annual bluegrass | |||
| Date of evaluation | 18 | 11.7 | <0.05 | |
| Treatment | 4 | 43.3 | <0.05 | |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 72 | 2.9 | <0.05 | |
| Source within perennial ryegrass | ||||
| Date of evaluation | 18 | 19.9 | <0.05 | |
| Treatment | 4 | 50.7 | <0.05 | |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 72 | 2.7 | <0.05 | |
| Source within Kentucky bluegrass | ||||
| Date of evaluation | 18 | 13.3 | <0.05 | |
| Treatment | 4 | 44.4 | <0.05 | |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 72 | 13.3 | <0.05 | |
| 2 | Sources within annual bluegrass | |||
| Date of evaluation | 14 | 4.4 | <0.05 | |
| Treatment | 4 | 24.8 | <0.05 | |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 56 | 3.8 | <0.05 | |
| Source within perennial ryegrass | ||||
| Date of evaluation | 14 | 4.7 | <0.05 | |
| Treatment | 4 | 25.6 | <0.05 | |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 56 | 2.7 | <0.05 | |
| Source within Kentucky bluegrass | ||||
| Date of evaluation | 18 | 3.0 | <0.05 | |
| Treatment | 4 | 22 | <0.05 | |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 72 | 13.33 | <0.05 | |
Repeated measures ANOVA parameters for the main effects and associated interaction for average tiller number.
| Source between variables | df | F | |
|---|---|---|---|
| All between | 28 | 88.1 | <0.05 |
| Intercept | 1 | 77.1 | <0.05 |
| Treatment | 4 | 109.8 | <0.05 |
| Turfgrass species | 2 | 145.2 | <0.05 |
| Experiment type | 1 | 11.6 | <0.05 |
| Treatment × turfgrass species | 8 | 14.7 | <0.05 |
| Turfgrass species × experiment type | 4 | 4.7 | <0.05 |
| Treatment × turfgrass species × experiment type | 8 | 12.3 | <0.05 |
| Source within Experiment 1 | |||
| Within interactions | 126 | 87.3 | <0.05 |
| Date of evaluation | 18 | 40.9 | <0.05 |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 72 | 4.9 | <0.05 |
| Date of evaluation × turfgrass species | 36 | 3.4 | <0.05 |
| Source within Experiment 2 | |||
| Within interactions | 98 | 65.1 | <0.05 |
| Date of evaluation | 14 | 55.3 | <0.05 |
| Date of evaluation × treatment | 56 | 44.4 | <0.05 |
| Date of evaluation × turfgrass species | 28 | 25.1 | <0.05 |
Plant height ratio of three turfgrass species across five treatments and two growth periods – Experiment 2.
| Turfgrass species | Treatment | Period | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20th Mar/28th Feb | 17th Apr/23rd Mar | ||
| Annual bluegrass | Contr | 1.62 | 1.40 |
| 1.48 | 1.32 | ||
| Pc | 1.24 | 1.00 | |
| Eth | 1.52 | 1.15 | |
| Mes | 1.30 | 1.18 | |
| Perennial ryegrass | Contr | 1.52 | 1.28 |
| 1.73 | 1.63 | ||
| Pc | 1.42 | 0.95 | |
| Eth | 1.54 | 1.68 | |
| Mes | 1.28 | – | |
| Kentucky bluegrass | Contr | 1.84 | 1.75 |
| 1.74 | 1.84 | ||
| Pc | 1.35 | 1.02 | |
| Eth | 1.38 | 1.00 | |
| Mes | 1.11 | – | |