Proteins |
Wheat gluten |
Insoluble in neutral solvents. Has moderate elasticity and cohesiveness abilities. Provides barrier to water vapour. |
(Gennadios et al., 1994) |
Corn zein |
Insoluble in water. Has a hydrophobic nature and exhibits a good film-forming characteristic. Blocks the transport of moisture and prevents transpiration. |
(Hassan et al., 2018) |
Soy protein |
Insoluble in water. Has film-forming ability for blocking moisture transfer. |
(Renkema and Van Vliet, 2002) |
|
Lipids |
Oils |
Insoluble in water. Provides barrier against atmospheric gases and water vapour. Also has direct and indirect impact on fungi. |
(Bahadırlı et al., 2020; Mossa et al., 2021) |
Waxes |
Most common products in postharvest handling. Has high waterproofing ability. Prevents respiration, transpiration and fungal infections. |
(Castro et al., 2012; Lan, 2019) |
|
Polysaccharides |
Cellulose |
Has low density, high mechanical strength and film-forming characteristics. It has moderate ability for oxygen and gaseous transfer. |
(Credou and Berthelot, 2014; Hassan et al., 2018) |
Starch |
Insoluble in cold water. Has low oxygen permeability but low flexibility. Delays ethylene biosynthesis and the fruit senescence. |
(Ortega-Toro et al., 2015; Thakur et al., 2019) |
Pectin |
Has a gelling characteristic with ability to maintain low moisture and controls phytopathogens. |
(Liu et al., 2007; Aguirre-Joya et al., 2019) |
Aloe vera |
Has high film-forming ability and high antifungal characteristics. |
(Navarro et al., 2011; Kahramanoğlu et al., 2019) |
Plant gums |
They have the ability to reduce the respiration rate and ethylene production, improve the resistance of products to phytopathogens and delay the fruit senescence. |
(Mahfoudhi and Hamdi, 2015) |
|
Secondary metabolites |
Citral, eugenol, thymol etc. |
They may have direct or indirect antifungal activity (by improving products’ tolerance or damaging fungi). |
(Wei et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2021) |