Brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer: Prevalence, high-risk factors, and overall survival prognosis

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Characteristics of patients participating in the study_

Variable	n (%)
Age (years)
Median (±IQR)	63 ± 13 (range: 24–88)
Age group (years)
<60	306 (34.2)
≥60	589 (65.8)
Sex
Male	666 (74.4)
Female	229 (25.6)
Histopathology
Squamous carcinoma	159 (17.8)
Non-squamous carcinoma	736 (82.2)
PS ECOG
0–1	734 (82.0)
2–4	161 (18.0)
Tumor stage
T1	129 (14.4)
T2	192 (21.5)
T3	207 (23.1)
T4	367 (41.0)
Node stage
N0	201 (22.5)
N1	30 (3.4)
N2	310 (34.6)
N3	354 (39.6)
Tumor size (cm)
<3	217 (24.2)
≥3	678 (75.8)
Short axis of mediastinal node (cm)
<1.5	638 (71.3)
≥1.5	257 (28.7)
EGFR/ALK mutation
Positive	250 (27.9)
Negative/unknown	645 (72.1)
CEA (ng/ml)
<5	251 (28.0)
≥5	644 (72.0)
Extracranial metastasis
Yes	506 (56.5)
No	389 (43.5)

Prevalence of brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer according to factors_

Variable	n (%)	p-Value
Total	(117) 13.1	-
Age group (years)
<60	45 (14.7)	0.347
≥60	72 (12.2)
Sex
Male	88 (13.2)	0.910
Female	29 (12.7)
Histopathology
Squamous carcinoma	10 (6.3)	0.006
Non-squamous carcinoma	107 (14.5)
PS ECOG
0–1	91 (12.4)	0.245
2–4	26 (16.1)
Tumor stage
T1–T2	40 (12.5)	0.757
T3–T4	77 (13.4)
Node stage
N0–2	51 (9.4)	<0.001
N3	66 (18.6)
Tumor size (cm)
<3	25 (11.5)	0.488
≥3	92 (13.6)
Short axis of mediastinal node (cm)
<1.5	73 (11.4)	0.028
≥1.5	44 (17.1)
EGFR/ALK mutation
Positive	41 (16.4)	0.077
Negative/unknown	76 (11.8)
CEA (ng/ml)
<5	18 (7.2)	0.001
≥5	99 (15.4)
Extracranial metastasis
Yes	76 (15.0)	0.057
No	41 (10.5)

Some factors associated with brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer: Univariate and multivariate logistic regression_

Variable	Brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer
	Crude OR (95% CI)	p-Value	Adjustment OR (95% CI)	p-Value
Age group (years)
<60	1.24 (0.83–1.85)		1.21 (0.80–1.83)
≥60	1	0.297	1	0.370
Sex
Male	1.05 (0.67–1.65)		1,17 (0.73–1.90)
Female	1	0.832	1	0.513
Histopathology
Squamous carcinoma	1		1
Non-squamous carcinoma	2.53 (1.29–4.97)	0.007	2.04 (1.01–4.14)	0.049
PS ECOG
0–1	1		1
2–4	1.36 (0.85–2.18)	0.202	1.51 (0.92–2.50)	0.102
Tumor stage
T1–T2	1		1
T3–T4	1.09 (0.72–1.64)	0.685	0.98 (0.62–1.53)	0.925
Node stage
N0–2	1		1
N3	2.20 (1.49–3.26)	< 0,001	1.77 (1.15–2.72)	0.009
Tumor size (cm)
<3	1		1
≥3	1.21 (0.75–1.93)	0.436	1.33 (0.79–2.22)	0.286
Short axis of mediastinal node (cm)
<1.5	1		1
≥1.5	1.60 (1.07–2.40)	0.023	1.32 (0.84–2.05)	0.224
EGFR/ALK mutation
Positive	1.47 (0.97–2.22)		1.34 (0.85–2.11)
Negative/unknown	1	0.067	1	0.206
CEA (ng/ml)
<5	1		1
≥5	2.35 (1.39–3.97)	0.001	1.81 (1.05–3.13)	0.034
Extracranial metastasis
Yes	1.50 (1.00–2.25)		1.11 (0.72–1.71)
No	1	0.050	1	0.626

Association of overall survival time in patients with brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer with various factors: Multivariable Cox regression analysis_

Variable (N = 117)	HR (95% CI)	p-Value
Age group (years)
<60	0.86 (0.50–1.46)	0.569
≥60	1
Sex
Male	0.95 (0.50–1.80)	0.862
Female	1
Histopathology
Squamous carcinoma	1	0.296
Non-squamous carcinoma	0.63 (0.26–1.50)
PS ECOG
0–1	0.60 (0.32–1.11)	0.103
2–4	1
Tumor stage
T1–T2	1	0.281
T3–T4	0.71 (0.38–1.32)
Node stage
N0–2	1	0.262
N3	0.73 (0.41–1.27)
Tumor size (cm)
<3	0.71 (0.35–1.43)	0.332
≥3	1
Short axis of mediastinal node (cm)
<1.5	0.80 (0.48–1.35)	0.404
≥1.5	1
EGFR/ALK mutation
Positive	0.38 (0.20–0.70)	0.002
Negative/unknown	1
CEA (ng/ml)
<5	0.78 (0.34–1.80)	0.554
≥5	1
BM lesions
1–3 lesions	0.56 (0.33–0.96)	0,036
>3 lesions	1
Size of BM lesions
<3 cm	1	0.996
≥3 cm	0.99 (0.52–1.91)
WBRT
Yes	0.98 (0.55–1.81)	0.970
No	1
Extracranial metastasis
Yes	1	0.830
No	0.93 (0.51–1.72)