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The Influence of Material Configuration of Fibre-Metal Laminates with Alumina Core on Flexural Strength

Mariusz Frankiewicz
Mariusz Frankiewicz
, 
Michał Karoluk
Michał Karoluk
, 
Robert Dziedzic
Robert Dziedzic
, 
Tristan Timmel
Tristan Timmel
 und 
Peter Scholz
Peter Scholz
   | 28. Nov. 2023
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Article Category: research article
Online veröffentlicht: 28. Nov. 2023
Seitenbereich: 18 - 28
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fas-2022-0003
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© 2022 Mariusz Frankiewicz et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Diagram of the process of forming an analysed FML (InverTec laminate). FMLs, fibre metal laminates; FRP, fibre-reinforced polymer.
Diagram of the process of forming an analysed FML (InverTec laminate). FMLs, fibre metal laminates; FRP, fibre-reinforced polymer.

Figure 2.

Scheme of the three-point bend test.
Scheme of the three-point bend test.

Figure 3.

Results of the static three-point bend tests presented by flexural stress vs. displacement graphs, for specimens’ series: S1 (A), S2 (B), S3 (C) and S4 (D).
Results of the static three-point bend tests presented by flexural stress vs. displacement graphs, for specimens’ series: S1 (A), S2 (B), S3 (C) and S4 (D).

Figure 4.

Results of the static three-point bend test: values of flexural stress (A) and displacement to failure (B).
Results of the static three-point bend test: values of flexural stress (A) and displacement to failure (B).

Figure 5.

Views of the damage of specimens caused by the bending test for series: S1_0 (A), (B), S1_90 (C), (D), S2_0 (E), (F), S2_90 (G), (H).
Views of the damage of specimens caused by the bending test for series: S1_0 (A), (B), S1_90 (C), (D), S2_0 (E), (F), S2_90 (G), (H).

Figure 6.

Results of the fatigue test for S1_0 series specimens. (A) S-N curve and (B) flexural stress–time curve.
Results of the fatigue test for S1_0 series specimens. (A) S-N curve and (B) flexural stress–time curve.

Figure 7.

Results of the fatigue test for S2_0 series specimens: (A) S-N curve and (B) flexural stress-time curve.
Results of the fatigue test for S2_0 series specimens: (A) S-N curve and (B) flexural stress-time curve.

Figure 8.

Views of the fatigue damage of the specimen series 2 occurred after 130,000 cycles.
Views of the fatigue damage of the specimen series 2 occurred after 130,000 cycles.

Results of the fatigue bend test of the S2.0 series specimen

S2_0
No. Amplitude (mm) Max. fatigue flexural stress (MPa) % of flexural stress Min. fatigue flexural stress (MPa) % of flexural stress Number of cycles
1 4,04 −508,63 57.93 −203.81 23.21 183,521
2 4,19 −539,37 61.43 −219.80 25.03 78,751
3 4,04 −549,72 62.61 −220.78 25.14 131,413
4 4,04 −479,31 54.59 −139.82 15.92 1,000,000
5 4,03 −543,90 61.94 −220.66 25.13 132,752
6 4,04 −496,08 56.50 −166.29 18.94 1,000,000

Configuration of the analysed series of FMLs

Series Configuration of FRP laminate layers Laminate code
S1_0 3x PA6-GF60 [0G/90G/0G/Alu]s
S1_90 3x PA6-GF60 [90G/0G/90G/Alu]s
S2_0 3x PA6-GF60 [0G3/Alu]s
S2_90 3x PA6-GF60 [90G3/Alu]s
S3_0 1x PA6-CF60/4x PA6-GF60 [0C/0G4/Alu]s
S3_90 1x PA6-CF60/4x PA6-GF60 [90C/90G4/Alu]s
S4_0 1x PA6-CF60/4x PA6-GF60 [0C/90G/0G/90G/0G/Alu]s
S4_90 1x PA6-CF60/4x PA6-GF60 [90C/0G/90G/0G/90G/Alu]s

Results of the fatigue bend test of the S1.0 series specimen

S1_0
No. Amplitude (mm) Max. fatigue flexural stress (MPa) % of flexural stress Min. fatigue flexural stress (MPa) % of flexural stress Number of cycles
1 4,04 –245.61 44.69 −35.11 6.39 1,000,000
2 4,04 −346.30 63.01 −99.78 18.16 396,453
3 4,02 −365.06 66.42 −102.85 18.71 335,125
4 4,03 −254.22 46.25 −37.51 6.86 1,000,000
5 4,03 −261.55 47.59 −39.35 7.16 1,000,000
6 4,04 −332.21 60.45 −90.44 16.45 452,144

Parameters of variothermal consolidation of InverTec inverted laminate sheets

Pressure (bar) Temperature (°C) Time (min)
Heating and plasticising of polymer matrix 20 260 6.5
Consolidation of the FRP composite 30 260 3.5
Cooling phase and solidification of the polymer melt 30 601 6.5

Comparison of the static and fatigue flexural strength of the Invertec, CARALL and CAPPAL FMLs

Type of FML InverTec FML CARALL CAPPAL*
S1_0 S2_0 Case 1 Bellini et al. (2019) Case Zopp et al. (2019)
Static flexural strength (MPa) 506 ±20 878 ±43 644–734 645 ±16
Fatigue flexural strength (max. number of cycles) 106 cycles, up to 7% max flexural stress 106 cycles, up to 19% flexural stress n.d. 106 cycles, up to 32% maximum force of bending test
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