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Examining academicians’ COVID-19 anxiety and digitalisation in terms of different variables

Gülçin Karakuş
Gülçin Karakuş
   | 25. Jan. 2023
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Article Category: Research Article
Online veröffentlicht: 25. Jan. 2023
Seitenbereich: 53 - 72
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/eurodl-2022-0005
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© 2023 Gülçin Karakuş, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Tukey test results of Academicians’ COVID-19 Anxiety Scale regarding status variable

Status Experience (years) Mean difference p
Professor 2 −1.30 0.731
3 −1.78 0.457
4 −6.60* 0.003
Assistant Professor 1 1.30 0.731
3 −.48 0.974
4 −5.30* 0.018
Research Associate 1 1.78 0.457
2 .48 0.974
4 −4.82* 0.033
Research Assistant 1 6.60* 0.003
2 5.30* 0.018
3 4.82* 0.033

One-way ANOVA test results of Academicians’ COVID-19 Anxiety Scale regarding status variable

Status N X̄ SD F p Significant difference
COVID-19 Anxiety Scale Professor 25 14.96 4.82 4.45 0.006 4 > 1
Assistant Professor 31 16.26 3.99 4 > 2
Research Associate 38 16.73 5.41 4 > 3
Research Assistant 9 21.55 2.46

Mann–Whitney U test results of Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale regarding gender variable

Gender N Mean rank Sum of rank U p
Technology Usage in Education Female 52 47.72 2,481.50 1,103,500 0.135
Male 51 56.36 2,874.50
Technology usage and professional development Female 52 60.13 3,126.50 903,500 0.005
Male 51 43.72 2,229.50
Technology Usage in Social Life Female 52 52.81 2,746.00 1,284,000 0.780
Male 51 51.18 2,610.00
Total Female 52 55.39 2,880.50 1,149,500 0.244
Male 51 48.54 2,475.50

Independent sample t-test results of Technology Usage in Social Life Sub-Dimension (Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale) regarding field variable

Field N X̄ SD df t P
Social Sciences 57 13.9123 3.08 101 1.017 0.311
Science 46 14.500 2.68

Kruskal–Wallis test analysis results of Academicians’ COVID-19 Anxiety Scale regarding experience variable

Experience (years) N Rank df Chi-square p
COVID-19 Anxiety Scale 0–5 4 72.50 3 12.53 0.006
6–10 15 73.13
11–15 24 52.31
≥16 60 45.23

Kruskal–Wallis test results of Technology Usage in Education Sub-Dimension (Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale) regarding status variable

Status N Rank df Chi-square p
Technology Usage in Education Professor 25 48.42 3 1,138 0.768
Assistant Professor 31 50.13
Research Associate 38 55.80
Research Assistant 9 52.33

Independent sample t-test results of academicians’ COVID-19 anxiety scale regarding gender variable

Gender N X̄ SD df t p
Female 52 17.94 4.94 101 2.941 0.004*
Male 51 15.19 4.52

Descriptive characteristics of academicians participating in this study

F %
Gender
Female 52 50
Male 51 49
Field
Social Sciences 57 55
Science 46 45
Experience (years)
0–5 4 4
6–10 15 15
11–15 24 23
≥16 60 58
Status
Professor 25 24
Associate Professor 31 30
Research Associate 38 36
Research Assistant 9 8

COVID-19 Anxiety Scale and Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale normality test results

Scale Variable Shapiro–Wilks test
COVID-19 Anxiety Scale Gender* Female—0.052
Male—0.129
Field* Social Science—0.191
Science—0.173
Status* Professor—0.282
Associate Professor—0.241
Research Associate—0.443
Research Assistant—0.055
Experience (years) 0–5—0.024
6–10—0.034
11–15—0.045
≥16—0.484
Technology Usage in Education Gender Female—0.000
Male—0.000
Field Social Science—0.000
Science—0.000
Status Professor—0.000
Associate Professor—0.012
Research Associate—0.000
Research Assistant—0.107
Experience (years) 0–5—0.024
6–10—0.001
11–15—0.003
≥16—0.000
Technology and Professional Development Gender Female—0.029
Male—0.016
Field Social Science—0.000
Science—0.219
Status* Professor—0.381
Associate Professor—0.051
Research Associate—0.054
Research Assistant—0.074
Experience (years) 0–5—0.024
6–10—0.109
11–15—0.046
≥16—0.001
Technology Usage in Social Life Gender Female—0.089
Male—0.012
Field* Social Science—0.079
Science—0.148
Status* Professor—0.097
Associate Professor—0.303
Research Associate—0.257
Research Assistant—0.122
Experience (years) 0–5—0.024
6–10—0.233
11–15—0.001
≥16—0.012
Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale Gender Female—0.000
Male—0.001
Field Social Science—0.000
Science—0.036
Professor—0.004
Status Associate Professor—0.484
Research Associate—0.005
Research Assistant—0.004
Experience (years) 0–5—0.024
6–10—0.015
11–15—0.009
≥16—0.001

Relationship between Academicians’ Digitalisation and COVID-19 Anxiety Scales

Spearman's rho Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale COVID-19 Anxiety Scale
Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale Correlation coefficient 1,000 −100
Sig. (two-tailed) 0.313
N 103 103
COVID-19 Anxiety Scale Correlation coefficient −100 1,000
Sig. (two-tailed) 313 .
N 103 103

Independent sample t-test results of Academicians’ COVID-19 Anxiety Scale regarding field variable

Field N X̄ SD df t p
Social Sciences 57 17.28 4.44 101 1.618 0.109*
Science 46 15.71 5.36

Kruskal–Wallis test results of Academicians Digitalisation Scale regarding experience variable

Experience (years) N Rank df Chi-square p Significant difference
Technology Usage in Education 0–5 4 49.00 3 1,439 0.696
6–10 15 43.90
11–15 24 54.04
≥16 60 53.41
Technology Usage and Professional Development 0–5 4 85.75 3 12,293 0.006 1 > 4
6–10 15 54.40
11–15 24 63.17
≥16 60 44.68
Technology Usage in Social Life 0–5 4 56.00 3 1,147 0.766
6–10 15 57.03
11–15 24 47.19
≥16 60 52.40
Total 0–5 4 67.75 3 2,852 0.415
6–10 15 52.70
11–15 24 57.75
≥16 60 48.48

One-way ANOVA test results of Technology Usage and Professional Development and Technology Usage in Social Life Sub-Dimension (Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale) regarding status variable

Status N X̄ SD F p Significant difference
Technology Usage and Professional Development Professor 25 14.7600 3.17910 3 0.641
Assistant Professor 31 13.9355 2.98815
Research Associate 38 13.8684 2.97894
Research Assistant 9 14.6667 1.22474
Technology Usage in Social Life Professor 25 15.8000 3.06866 3 0.024 3 > 2
Assistant Professor 31 14.0968 3.24915
Research Associate 38 16.3947 4.08385
Research Assistant 9 17.4444 3.64387

Mann–Whitney U test results of Technology Usage and Professional Development Sub-Dimension and total scores of scale (Academicians’ Digitalisation Scale) regarding field variable

Field N Mean rank Sum of rank U p
Technology Usage in Education Social Sciences 57 48.39 2,758.00 1,070,500 0.164
Science 46 56.48 2,598.00
Technology Usage and Professional Development Social Sciences 57 47.78 2,723.50 1,105,000 0.109
Science 46 57.23 2,632.50
Total Social Sciences 57 46.77 2,666.00 1,013,000 0.048
Science 46 58.48 2,690.00
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