[
Andersen, Susan M., Moskowitz, Gordon B., Blair, Irene V., & Nosek, Brian A. [2007]. “Automatic thought”. In Social psychology (2nd edition), edited by E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski. New York, NY: Guilford: 133–72.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Banaji, Mahzarin R. & Hardin, Curtis D. [1996]. “Automatic stereotyping”. Psychological Science 7: 136–41.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bar-Anan, Yoav. & Nosek. Brian A. [2014]. “A comparative investigation of seven indirect attitude measures”. Behavioural Research 46: 668–88.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Blair, Irene V., Ma, Jennifer E. & Lenton, Alison P. [2001]. “Imagining stereotypes away: the moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81: 828–41.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Blincoe, Sarai & Harris, Monica J. [2009]. “Prejudice reduction in white students: Comparing three conceptual approaches”. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 4: 232.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Brannon, Tiffany N. & Walton, Gregory M. [2013]. “Enacting cultural interests: How intergroup contact reduces prejudice by sparking interest in an out-group’s culture”. Psychological Science. 24: 1947–57.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Brownstein, Michael & Saul, Jennifer [2016a]. Implicit Bias & Philosophy: Volume I, Metaphysics and Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Brownstein, Michael & Saul, Jennifer [2016b]. Implicit Bias and Philosophy: Volume 2, Moral Responsibility, Structural Injustice, and Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Byrd, Nick [2021]. “What we can (and can’t) infer about implicit bias from debiasing experiments”. Synthese 198: 1427–55.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Castillo, Linda G., Brossart, Daniel F., Reyes, C.J., Conoley, Collie W. & Phoummarath, Marion J. [2007]. “The influence of multicultural training on perceived multicultural counseling competencies and implicit racial prejudice”. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 35: 243–55.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chapman, Elizabeth N., Kaatz, Anna, & Carnes, Molly [2013]. “Physicians and implicit bias: How doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities”. Journal of general internal medicine 28: 1504–10.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chen, Vivian H., Ibasco, Gabrielle C., Leow, Vetra J. & Lew, Juline Y. [2021]. “The effect of VR avatar embodiment on improving attitudes and closeness toward immigrants”. Frontiers in Psychology 12: 705504.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Clobert, Magali, Saroglou, Vassilis, Hwang, Kwang-Kwo. [2005]. “Buddhist concepts as implicitly reducing prejudice and increasing prosociality”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 41: 513–25.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Columb, Corey & Plant, Ashby [2011]. “Revisiting the Obama effect: Exposure to Obama reduces implicit prejudice”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47: 499–501.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dasgupta, Nilanjana & Greenwald, Anthony G. [2001]. “On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81: 800–14.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dasgupta, Nilanjana & Asgari, Shaki [2004]. “Seeing is believing: Exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effect on the malleability of automatic gender stereotyping”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40: 642–58.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dasgupta, Nilanjana & Rivera, Luis M. [2008]. “When social context matters: The influence of long-term contact and short-term exposure to admired outgroup members on implicit attitudes and behavioural intentions”. Social Cognition 26: 112–23.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
De Houwer, Jan [2011]. “Evaluative conditioning: methodological considerations”. In Cognitive methods in social psychology, edited by K. C. Klauer, A. Voss, & C. Stahl. New York, NY, USA: Guilford Press: 124–47.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
De Houwer, Jan [2014]. “A propositional model of implicit evaluation”. Social Psychology and Personality Compass 8: 342–53.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
De Houwer, Jan. [2018]. “Propositional models of evaluative conditioning”. Social Psychological Bulletin 13: e28046.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Del Pinal, Guillermo D. & Spaulding, Shannon [2018]. “Conceptual centrality and implicit bias”. Mind & Language 33: 95–111.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Devine, Patricia G., Forscher, Patrick S., Austin, Anthony J., & Cox, William T. L. [2012]. “Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48: 1267–78.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
FitzGerald, Chloê, Martin, Angela, Berner, Delphine & Hurst, Samia [2019]. “Interventions designed to reduce implicit prejudices and implicit stereotypes in real world contexts: a systematic review”. BMC Psychology 7: 29.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Forscher, Patrick S., Lai, Calvin K., Axt, Jordan R., Ebersole, Charles R., Herman, Michelle, Devine, Patricia G. & Nosek, Brian A. [2019]. “A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 117: 522–59.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gast, Anne & De Houwer, Jan [2013]. “The influence of extinction and counterconditioning instructions on evaluative conditioning effects”. Learning and Motivation 44: 312–25.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gawronski, Bertram, Walther, Eva, and Blank, Hartmut [2005]. “Cognitive consistency and the formation of interpersonal attitudes: Cognitive balance affects the encoding of social information”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41: 618–26.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gawronski, Bertram, Hofmann, Wilhelm, & Wilbur, Christopher J. [2006]. “Are “implicit” attitudes unconscious?” Consciousness and Cognition 15: 485–99.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gendler, Tamar Szabo [2008a]. “Alief and belief”. Journal of Philosophy 105: 634–63.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gendler, Tamar Szabo [2008b]. “Alief in action (and reaction)”. Mind and Language 23: 552–85.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gendler, Tamar Szabo [2011]. “On the epistemic costs of implicit bias”. Philosophical Studies 156: 33–63.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Green, Alexander R., Carney, Dana R., Pallin, Daniel J., Ngo, Long H., Raymond, Kristal L., Iezzoni, Lisa I., & Banaji, Mahzarin R. [2007]. “Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for Black and White patients”. Journal of General Internal Medicine 22: 1231–8.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Greenwald, Anthony G., McGhee, Debbie E., & Schwartz, Jordan LK. [1998]. “Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (6): 1464–480.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Gündemir, Seval, Homan, Astrid C., de Dreu, Carsten KW., & van Vugt, Mark [2014]. “Think leader, think White? Capturing and weakening an implicit pro-White leadership bias”. PloS one 9: e83915.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Haslanger, Sally [2015]. “Social structure, narrative, and explanation”. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 45: 1–15.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Higgins, Sarah, Alcock, Stephanie, De Aveiro, Bianca, Daniels, William, Farmer, Harry & Besharati, Sahba [2024]. “Perspective matters: a systematic review of immersive virtual reality to reduce racial prejudice”. Virtual Reality 28: 125.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hofmann, Wilhelm, De Houwer, Jan, Perugini, Marco, Baeyens, Frank, & Crombez, Geert [2010]. “Evaluative conditioning in humans: A meta-analysis”. Psychological Bulletin 136: 390–421.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Holroyd, Jules [2012]. “Responsibility for implicit bias”. Journal of Social Philosophy 43: 274–306.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Holroyd, Jules [2015]. “Implicit bias, awareness and imperfect cognitions”. Consciousness and Cognition 33: 511–23.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Holroyd, Jules [2016]. “What do we want from a model of implicit cognition?” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 116: 153–79.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Holroyd, Jules & Sweetman, Joseph [2016]. “The heterogeneity of implicit biases”. In Implicit Bias and Philosophy. Volume I: Metaphysics and Epistemology, edited by Michael Brownstein and Jennifer Saul. Oxford: OUP: 80–103.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hughes, Sean, Barnes-Holmes, Dermot & De Houwer, Jan [2011]. “The dominance of associative theorizing in implicit attitude research: Propositional and behavioural alternatives”. The Psychological Record 61: 465–98.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Johnson, Gabrielle M. [2020]. “The Structure of bias”. Mind 516: 1193–236.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Jones, Christopher R., Olson, Michael A., & Fazio, Russell H. [2010]. “Evaluative conditioning: The “how” question”. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 43: 205–55.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., & Nosek, Brian A. [2010]. “The surprisingly limited malleability of implicit racial evaluations”. Social Psychology 41: 137–46.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kosslyn, Stephen M., Ganis, Giorgio, & Thompson, William L. [2006]. “Mental imagery and the human brain”. Psychology 1: 195–209.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kurdi, Benedek, & Dunham, Yarrow [2021]. “Sensitivity of implicit evaluations to accurate and erroneous propositional inferences”. Cognition 214: 104792.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kurdi, Benedek, Morris, Adam & Cushman, Fiery A. [2022]. “The role of causal structure in implicit evaluation”. Cognition 225: 105116.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kurdi, Benedek, Mann, Thomas C. & Ferguson, Melissa J. [2022]. “Persuading the implicit mind: Changing negative implicit evaluations with an 8-minute podcast”. Social Psychological and Personality Science 13: 688–97.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kurdi, Benedek, Morehouse, Kristen N. and Dunham, Yarrow [2023]. “How do explicit and implicit evaluations shift? A preregistered meta-Analysis of the effects of cooccurrence and relational information”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 124: 174–202.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lai, Calvin K., Marini, Maddalena, Lehr, Steven A., Cerruti, Carlo, Shin, Jiyun-Elizabeth. L., Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Nosek, Brian A. [2014]. “Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143: 1765–85.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lai, Calvin K., Skinner, Allison L., Cooley, Erin, Murrar, Sohad, Brauer, Markus, Devos, Thierry, … Nosek, Brian A. [2016]. “Reducing implicit racial preferences: II. Intervention effectiveness across time”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 145: 1001–16.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Levy, Neil [2014]. “Consciousness, implicit attitudes, and moral responsibility”. Noûs 48: 21–40.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Levy, Neil [2015]. “Neither fish nor fowl: Implicit attitudes as patchy endorsements”. Noûs 49: 800–23.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Machery, Edouard [2017]. “Do indirect measures of biases measure traits or situations?” Psychological Inquiry 28: 288–91.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Madva, Alex [2016a]. “Why implicit attitudes are (probably) not beliefs”. Synthese, 193: 2659–84.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Madva, Alex [2016b]. “A Plea for anti-anti-individualism: How oversimple psychology misleads social policy”. Ergo 3: 701–28.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Madva, Alex [2017]. “Biased against debiasing: On the role of (institutionally sponsored) self-transformation in the struggle against prejudice”. Ergo 4: 145–79.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mandelbaum, Eric [2013]. “Against alief”. Philosophical Studies 165: 197–211.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mandelbaum, Eric [2016]. “Attitude, inference, association: On the propositional structure of implicit bias”. Noûs 50: 629–58.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mann, Thomas C., & Ferguson, Melissa J. [2017]. “Reversing implicit first impressions through reinterpretation after a two-day delay”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 68: 122–7.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
McConnell, Allen R., & Leibold, Jill M. [2001]. “Relations among the implicit association test, discriminatory behaviour, and explicit measures of racial attitudes”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 37: 435–42.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
McGrane, Joshua A. & White, Fiona A. [2007]. “Differences in Anglo and Asian Australians’ explicit and implicit prejudice and the attenuation of their implicit in-group bias”. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 10: 204–10.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Miles, Eleanor & Crisp, Richard J. [2014]. “A meta-analytic test of the imagined contact hypothesis”. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 17: 3–26.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mitchell, Chris, De Houwer, Jan & Lovibond, Peter [2009]. “The propositional nature of human associative learning”. Behavioural and Brain Sciences 32: 183–98.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Nanay, Bence [2021]. “Implicit bias as mental imagery”. Journal of the American Philosophical Association 7: 1–19.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Oswald, Frederick L., Mitchell, Gregory, Blanton, Hart, Jaccard, James & Tetlock, Philip E. [2013]. “Predicting ethnic and racial discrimination: A meta-analysis of IAT criterion studies”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 105: 171–92.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Paluck, Elisabeth L., Porat, Roni, Clark, Chelsey S. & Green, Donald P. [2021]. “Prejudice reduction: Progress and challenges”. Annual Review of Psychology 72: 533–60.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Payne, B. Keith [2001]. “Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81: 181–91.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Payne, B. Keith, Lambert, Alan J. & Jacoby, Larry L. [2002]. “Best laid plans: effects of goals on accessibility bias and cognitive control in race-based misperceptions of weapons”. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 38: 384–96.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Payne, B. Keith, Vuletich, Heidi A., & Lundberg, Kristjen B. [2017]. “The bias of crowds: How implicit bias bridges personal and systemic prejudice”. Psychological Inquiry 28: 233–48.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Peck, Tabitha C., Seinfeld, Sofia, Aglioti, Salvatore M. & Slater, Mel [2013]. “Putting yourself in the skin of a black avatar reduces implicit racial bias”. Consciousness and Cognition 22: 779–87.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pelletier, Petra & Drozda-Senkowska, Ewa [2020]. “Virtual reality as a tool for deradicalizing the terrorist mind: Conceptual and methodological insights from intergroup conflict resolution and perspective-taking research”. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 26: 449–59.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rozin, Paul, Markwith, Maureen & Ross, Bonnie [1990]. “The sympathetic magical law of similarity, nominal realism, and neglect of negatives in response to negative labels”. Psychological Science 1: 383–4.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Saul, Jennifer [2012]. “Skepticism and implicit bias”. Disputatio 37: 243–63.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sullivan-Bissett, Ema [2019]. Biased by our imaginings. Mind & Language 34: 627–47.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sullivan-Bissett, Ema [2023]. Virtually imagining our biases. Philosophical Psychology 36: 860–93.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Thériault, Rêmi, Olson, Jay A, Krol Sonia A, Raz, Amir [2021]. “Body swapping with a black person boosts empathy: Using virtual reality to embody another”. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (Hove), 74:2057–74.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Toribio, Josefa [2018]. “Implicit bias: From social structure to representational format”. Theoria 33: 41–60.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Turner, Rhiannon N. & Crisp, Richard J. [2010]. “Imagining intergroup contact reduces implicit prejudice”. British Journal of Social Psychology 49: 129–42.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Welpinghus, Anna [2020]. “The imagination model of implicit bias”. Philosophical Studies 177: 1611–33.
]Search in Google Scholar