Determination of Mainstream and Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Components for Cigarettes of Different Tobacco Types and a Set of Reference Cigarettes

1. Sakuma, H., M. Kusama, K. Yamaguchi, T. Matsuki and S. Sugawara: The distribution of cigarette smoke components between mainstream and sidestream smoke, II. Bases; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 12 (1984) 199-209.Search in Google Scholar

2. Sakuma, H., M. Kusama, K. Yamaguchi and S. Sugawara: The distribution of cigarette smoke components between mainstream and sidestream smoke, III. Middle and higher boiling components; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 12 (1984) 251-258.Search in Google Scholar

3. Hoffmann, D., J.D. Adams and E.L. Wynder: Formation and analysis of carbon monoxide in cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke; Prev. Med. 8 (1979) 344-350.Search in Google Scholar

4. Browne, CL., C.H. Keith and R.E. Allen: The effect of filter ventilation on the yield and com-position of mainstream and sidestream smokes; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 10 (1980) 81-90.Search in Google Scholar

5. Adams, J.D., K.J. O’Mara-Adams and D. Hoffmann: Toxic and carcinogenic agents in undi-luted mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke of differenttypes of cigarettes; Carcinogenesis 8 (1987) 729-731.Search in Google Scholar

6. Laboratory of the Government Chemists: Report 1979 - Smoking and Health; Annual Report, London, 1980, pp. 170-183.Search in Google Scholar

7. Pillsbury, H.C., CC. Bright, K.J. CConnor and F. W. Irish: Tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke; J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 52 (1969) 458-462.Search in Google Scholar

8. Guerin, M.R.: Formation and physicochemical naturę of sidestream smoke; in: Environmental carcinogens - selected methods of analysis, Vol. 9: Passive smoking, edited by I.K. O’Neill, K.D. Brunnemann, B. Dodet and D. Hoffmann, IARC Sci. Publ. 81, Lyon, 1986, pp 11-23.Search in Google Scholar

9. Brunnemann, K. D. and D. Hoffmann: The pH of tobacco smoke; Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 12 (1974) 115-123.10.1016/0015-6264(74)90327-7Search in Google Scholar

10. Evans, W. H. and G. V. Sefton: Predictive relationship for sidestream smoke cigarette yields; Sci. Total Environ. 116 (1992) 269-280.Search in Google Scholar

11. International Standards Organization: Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machinę - Definitions and standard conditions; ISO 3308, Geneva, 1986.Search in Google Scholar

12. Guerin, M.R., CE. Higgins and R.A. Jenkins: Measuring environmental emissions from tobacco combustion: sidestream cigarette smoke literaturę review; Atoms. Environ. 21 (1987) 291-297.Search in Google Scholar

13. Chortyk, O.T, and W.S. Schlotzhauser: The con-tribution of Iow tar cigarettes to environmental tobacco smoke; J. Anal. Toxicol. 13 (1989) 129-134.Search in Google Scholar

14. Chortyk, O.T, and W.S. Schlotzhauser: Modification of an automatic smoking machinę for sidestream smoke collection; Tob. Sci. 30 (1986) 122-126.Search in Google Scholar

15. Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health, fourth report; edited by Sir Peter Froggatt, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1988.Search in Google Scholar

16. Johnson, W.R., R.W. Hale, J.W. Nedlock, H.K. Grubbs and D.H. Powell: The distribution of cigarette smoke components between mainstream and sidestream smoke; Tob. Sci. 17 (1973) 141-144.Search in Google Scholar

17. Proctor, C.J., C. Martin, J.L. Bowen and H.F. Dymond: Evaluation of an apparatus designed for the collection of sidestream tobacco smoke; Ana-lyst 113 (1988) 1509-1513.Search in Google Scholar

18. International Standards Organization: Tobacco and tobacco products - Atmospheres for conditioning and testing; ISO 3402, Geneva, 1978.Search in Google Scholar

19. Tobacco Advisory Council: Standard methods for the analysis of cigarette smoke; research paper 11, edited by K. Rothwell and CA. Grant, third edition, London, 1986.Search in Google Scholar

20. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company: Chemical and biological studies, new cigarette prototypes that heat instead of burn tobacco; Monograph, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem, NC, 1988.Search in Google Scholar

21. Browne, CL.: The design of cigarettes; Monograph, third edition, Filter Products Division, Hoechst Celanese Corporation, Charlotte, NC, 1990.Search in Google Scholar

22. Schmeltz, I. and D. Hoffmann: Nitrogen-containing compounds in tobacco and tobacco smoke; Chem. Rev. 77 (1977) 295-311.Search in Google Scholar

23. Pailer, M.: Chemistry of nicotine and related alka-loids (including biosynthetic aspects); in: Tobacco alkaloids and related compounds, edited by U.S. von Euler, Macmillan, New York, NY, 1965, pp. 15-36.Search in Google Scholar

24. Kuhn, H.: Tobacco alkaloids and their pyrolysis products inthe smoke; in: Tobacco alkaloids and related compounds, edited by U.S. von Euler, Macmillan, New York, NY, 1965, pp 37-51.Search in Google Scholar

25. Quin, L.D.: Alkaloids of tobacco smoke; J. Org. Chem. 24 (1959) 911-913.Search in Google Scholar

26. Quin, L.D.: Alkaloids of tobacco smoke; J. Org. Chem. 24 (1959) 914-916.Search in Google Scholar

27. Neurath, G., H. Ehmke and H. Horstmann: Einfluss des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes von Zigaretten auf die Zusammensetzung des Rauchens, III; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 2 (1964) 361-369.Search in Google Scholar

28. Truhaut, R. and M. De Clerque: First results of the chemical and biological study of the products obtained during the pyrolysis of nicotine; Bulletin de 1'association francaise pour 1'ćtude du cancer 44 (1957) 426.Search in Google Scholar

29. Larson, P. S. and H. B. Haag: Quantitative de-termination of nicotine and nornicotine in mixtures; Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 16 (1944) 86.10.1021/i560126a004Search in Google Scholar

30. Kobashi, Y., H. Hoshaku and M. Watanabe: Pyrolysis of nicotine in air stream; Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 84 (1963) 71-74.10.1246/nikkashi1948.84.71Search in Google Scholar

31. Kobashi, Y., H. Hoshaku and M. Watanabe: Pyrolysis of nornicotine in air stream; Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 84 (1963) 419.10.1246/nikkashi1948.84.5_419Search in Google Scholar

32. Kobashi, Y., M. Watanabe and Y. Yamashita: Studies of pyrolysis of tobacco alkaloids XIV. Gas chromatography of alkaloid products in cigarette smoke; Buli. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan J. 37 (1963) 291-295.Search in Google Scholar

33. Bentley, H.R. and G.N. Berry: The constituents of tobacco smoke: An annotated bibliography; Tobacco Manufacturers’ Standing Committee, London, 1959, 1960, 1963.Search in Google Scholar

34. Artho, A.J. and K. Grób: Nikotinabsorption aus dem Zigarettenrauch; Z. Praventivmedizin 9 (1964) 14.Search in Google Scholar

35. Lipp, G.: Zur Definition der Selektivitat und der verschiedenen Rauchstróme der Cigarette; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 2 (1965) 73-78.Search in Google Scholar

36. Kłus, H. and H. Kuhn: Distribution of various tobacco smoke components in mainstream and sidestream smoke, Review; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 11 (1982) 229-265.Search in Google Scholar

37. Neurath, G.: Nitrogen compounds of smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5 (1969) 115-133.Search in Google Scholar

38. Kuffner, F., K. Schick and H. Buhn; Socratines, obeline and other secondary alkaloids of cigar smoke; Mh. Chemie 87 (1956) 749-762.Search in Google Scholar

39. Hoegg, U.R.: Cigarette smoke in closed spaces; Environ. Health Perspect. (Oct. 1972) 117-128.10.1289/ehp.720211714748934634411Search in Google Scholar

40. Corn, M.: Characteristics of tobacco sidestream smoke and factors influencing its concentration and distribution in occupied spaces; Scand. J. Respir. Dis. Suppl. 91 (1974) 21-36.Search in Google Scholar

41. Davis, L.D., L.P. Bush, C. Grunwald and P.L. Cornelius: Transfer of exogenously applied and endogenous alkaloids and sterols from tobacco to its smoke condensate; J. Agric. Food Chem. 25 (1977) 752-756.Search in Google Scholar

42. Yoshida, D.: Measurement of nicotine in side-streams of tobacco smoke; Sci. Papers of the Cent. Res. Inst. Japan Tobacco & Salt Publ. Corp. 118 (1976) 203-206.Search in Google Scholar

43. Schmeltz, I., R.L. Stedman, W.J. Chamberlain and D. Burdick: Composition studies on tobacco. XX.-Bases of cigarette smoke; J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 15 (1964) 774-781.Search in Google Scholar

44. Schmeltz, L, A. Wenger, D. Hoffmann and T.C. Tso: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke, 63: On the fate of nicotine during pyrolysis and in a burning cigarette; J. Agric. Food Chem. 27 (1979) 602-608.Search in Google Scholar

45. Lofroth, G.: Environmental tobacco smoke: overview of chemical composition and genotoxic components; Mutat. Res. 222 (1989) 73-80.Search in Google Scholar

46. Hollander, W. and W. Stober: Aerosols of smoke, respiratory physiology and deposition; in: Toxic interfaces of neurones, smoke and genes. Proceedings of the European Society of Toxicology, June 16-19, 1985, edited by P.L. Chambers, J. Tuomisto and CM. Chambers, Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 9 (1986) 74-87.Search in Google Scholar

47. Curvall, M. and CR. Enzell: Monitoring absorption by means of determination of nicotine and cotinine; in: Toxic interfaces of neurones, smoke and genes. Proceedings of the European Society of Toxicology, June 16-19, 1985, edited by P.L. Chambers, J. Tuomisto and CM. Chambers, Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 9 (1986) 88-102.Search in Google Scholar

48. Hoffmann, D., J.D. Adams and E.L. Wynder: Formation and analysis of carbon monoxide in cigarette mainstream and sidestream smoke; SozEp-Berichte 1 (1979) 57-61.Search in Google Scholar

49. Pakhale, S.S., S.S. Dolas and G.B. Maru: The distribution of total particulate matter (TPM) and nicotine between mainstream and sidestream smoke in bidis and cigarettes; Anal. Letters 30 (1997) 383-394.Search in Google Scholar

50. Wenusch, A.: Uber die Verteilung des Nikotins beim Rauchen von Zigaretten; Chem. Ztg. 57 (1934) 206; 360; 543.Search in Google Scholar

51. Wenusch, A.: Die Reaktion des Tabakrauches; Fachl. Mitt. Osterr. Tabakregie 2 (1930) 13-15.Search in Google Scholar

52. Molier, K.D., G. Neurath and H. Horstmann: Einfluss der Luftdurchlassigkeit von Zigaretten-papier auf die Ausbeute und Zusammensetzung des Rauches; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 2 (1964) 271-281.Search in Google Scholar

53. Perfetti, T.A. and W.M. Coleman, III: Chiral-gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring-mass selective detection analysis of tobacco ma-terials and tobacco smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 18 (1998) 15-33.Search in Google Scholar

54. Perfetti, T.A. and W.M. Coleman, III: Chiral-gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring-mass selective detection analysis of secondary alkaloids in tobacco and tobacco smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 18 (1998) 35-42.Search in Google Scholar

55. Rodgman, A.: FTC tar and nicotine in cigarette mainstream smoke: a retrospective; Recent Adv. Tob. Sci. 23 (1997) 5-74.Search in Google Scholar

56. Bicchi, C, V. Manzin, A. D'Amato, and P. Rubiolo: Cyclodextrin derivatives in GC separation of enantiomers of essential oil, aroma and flavor compounds; Flav. Frag. J. 10 (1995) 127-137.Search in Google Scholar

57. Diana, J.N., and A. Vaught: The Research Cigarette; The Tobacco and Health Research Institute, Lexington, Kentucky, 1990.Search in Google Scholar

58. Neurath, G., and H. Ehmke: Apparatus to study sidestream smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 2 (1964) 117-121.Search in Google Scholar

59. Houseman, T.H.: Studies of cigarette smoke transfer using radioisotopically labelled tobacco constituents, Part II: The transference of radioisotopically labelled nicotine to cigarette smoke; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 7 (1973) 142-153.Search in Google Scholar

60. Evans, W.H., and G.V. Sefton: Predictive relationships for sidestream smoke cigarette yields; Sci. Total Environ. 116 (1992) 269-280.Search in Google Scholar

61. Neurath, G., H. Ehmke and H. Schneemann: Uber den Wassergehalt von Haupt- und Nebenstromrauch; Beitr. Tabakforsch. 3 (1966) 351-357.Search in Google Scholar

62. Kobashi, Y., S. Sakaguchi and M. łzawa: Com-bustion temperatures of some unblended ciga-rettes and the transfer of nicotine into cigarette smoke; Buli. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 24 (1960) 274-277.Search in Google Scholar

63. Kobashi, Y., M. Watanabe and H. Hoshaku: Thermal decomposition of tobacco alkaloids, Part X. Transfer of tobacco alkaloids into smoke from nornicotine type cigarettes; Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi 36 (1961) 589-592.Search in Google Scholar

64. Bowman, E. R., H. McKennis, Jr., and B. R. Martin: A convenient method for the preparation of racemic nicotine; Synth. Commun. 12 (1982) 1-879.Search in Google Scholar

65. Samfield, M.: Research and manufacturing in the U.S. cigarette industry; Lockwood Book Pub. Co. Inc., New York, NY, 1980, pp 49-63.Search in Google Scholar

66. Bombick, D.W., P.H. Ayres and D.J. Doolittle: Cytotoxicity assessment of whole smoke and vapor phase mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke from three Kentucky reference cigarettes; Toxicol. Methods 7 (1997) 177-189.Search in Google Scholar

67. Resnik, F. E.: Factors effecting static burning ratę; CORESTA Information Bulletin, Symposium Montreux, 22-27 September 1974, pp 47-55.Search in Google Scholar