[
1. Dhooge IJ. Acute Otitis Media in Children. In: Graham JM, Scadding GK, Bull PD, editors. Pediatric ENT. Heidelberg: Springer; 2007:399-420.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
2. Robb PJ. Otitis Media With Effusion. In: Graham JM, Scadding GK, Bull PD, editors. Pediatric ENT. Heidelberg: Springer;2007:413-20.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
3. Healy GB, Rosbe KW. Otitis Media and Middle Ear Effusions. In: Snow JB Jr, Ballenger JJ, editors. Ballenger’s Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Hamilton: BC Decker;2003:249-60.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
4. Rosenfeld RM, Culpepper L, Doyle KJ. Clinical practice guideline: otitis media with effusion. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130: 95-118.10.1016/j.otohns.2004.02.00215138413
]Search in Google Scholar
[
5. Saki N, Rahim F, Nikakhlagh S, Sarafraz M, Jafarzadeh E. Quality of life in children with recurrent acute otitis media in southwestern of Iran. Otolar Head and Neck Surg. 2012;66:267-70.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
6. Qureishi A, Lee Y, Belfield K, Birchall JP, Daniel M. Update on otitis media – prevention and treatment. Infect Drug Resist. 2014;7:15-24.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
7. Tos M. Epidemiology and natural history of secretory otitis. Am J Otol. 1984;5:459-62.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
8. Teele DW, Klein JO, Rosner B. Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study. J Infect Dis. 1989;160:83-94.10.1093/infdis/160.1.832732519
]Search in Google Scholar
[
9. Minovi A, Dazert S. Diseases of the middle ear in childhood. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;13(11).
]Search in Google Scholar
[
10. Bogaert D et al. Variability and diversity of nasopharyngeal microbiota in children: a metagenomic analysis. PLoS One. 2011;6: 17035.10.1371/journal.pone.0017035304617221386965
]Search in Google Scholar
[
11. Massa HM, Cripps AW, Lehmann D. Otitis media: viruses, bacteria, biofilms and vaccines. Med J Aust. 2009;191:44-9.10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02926.x716835719883356
]Search in Google Scholar
[
12. Ngo CC, Massa HM, Thornton RB, Cripps AW. Predominant bacteria detected from the middle ear fluid of children experiencing otitis media: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0150949.10.1371/journal.pone.0150949478310626953891
]Search in Google Scholar
[
13. Khoramrooz SS et al. Frequency of Alloicoccus otitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in children with otitis media with effusion (OME) in Iranian patients. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2012;39:369-73.10.1016/j.anl.2011.07.00221868180
]Search in Google Scholar
[
14. Privitera A et al. Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of Haemophilus parainfluenzae from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Eur J Epidemiol. 1998;14:405-12.10.1023/A:1007405406617
]Search in Google Scholar
[
15. Ariza Jiménez AB, Moreno-Perez D, Núñez Cuadros EA. Invasive disease caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae III in a child with uropathy. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62:792-3.10.1099/jmm.0.047225-023412773
]Search in Google Scholar
[
16. Barkai G, Leibovitz E, Givon-Lavi N, Dagan R. Potential contribution by nontypable Haemophilus influenzae in protracted and recurrent acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:466-71.10.1097/INF.0b013e3181950c74
]Search in Google Scholar
[
17. Berndsen MR, Erlendsdóttir H, Gottfredsson M. Evolving epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus infections in the post-vaccination era: results from a long-term population-based study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:918-23.10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03700.x22070637
]Search in Google Scholar
[
18. Ladhani S, Slack MP, Heath PT, von Gottberg A, Chandra M, Ramsay ME. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease, Europe, 1996-2006. Emerging Infect Dis. 2010;16:455-63.10.3201/eid1603.090290332200420202421
]Search in Google Scholar
[
19. Mitchell JL, Hill SL. Immune response to Haemophilus parainfluenzae in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2000;7:25-30.10.1128/CDLI.7.1.25-30.20009581710618272
]Search in Google Scholar
[
20. Rele M, Giles M, Daley AJ. Invasive Haemophilus parainfluenzae maternal–infant infections: an Australasian perspective and case report. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2006;46:258-60.10.1111/j.1479-828X.2006.00574.x16704486
]Search in Google Scholar
[
21. Howie VM, Ploussard JH, Lester RL Jr. Otitis media: a clinical and bacteriological correlation. Pediatrics. 1970;45:29-35.10.1542/peds.45.1.29
]Search in Google Scholar
[
22. Bluestone CD, Stephenson JS, Martin LM. Ten-year review of otitis media pathogens. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992;11:7-11.10.1097/00006454-199208001-000021513611
]Search in Google Scholar
[
23. Kilpi T, Herva E, Kaijalainen T, Syrjänen R, Takala AK. Bacteriology of acute otitis media in a cohort of Finnish children followed for the first two years of life. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:654-62.10.1097/00006454-200107000-0000411465836
]Search in Google Scholar
[
24. Cardines R, Giufrè M, Ciofidegli Atti ML, Accogli M, Mastrantonio P, Cerquetti M. Haemophilus parainfluenzae meningitis in an adult associated with acute otitis media. New Microbiol. 2009;32:213-5.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
25. Chonmaitree T, Hendrickson KJ. Detection of respiratory viruses in the middle ear fluids of children with acute otitis media by multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:258-60.10.1097/00006454-200003000-0002010749474
]Search in Google Scholar
[
26. Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Changes in frequency and pathogens causing acute otitis media in 1995-2003. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23: 824-8.10.1097/01.inf.0000136871.51792.1915361720
]Search in Google Scholar
[
27. Klein JO, Bluestone CD. Otitis media. In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, Demmler GJ, Kaplan SL, editors. Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases 5. Philadelphia: Saunders;2004:215-35.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
28. Goleva et al. The effects of airway microbiome on corticosteroid responsiveness in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188: 1193-201.10.1164/rccm.201304-0775OC386373024024497
]Search in Google Scholar
[
29. Faden H et al. Relationship between nasopharyngeal colonization and the development of otitis media in children. Tonawanda/Williamsville Pediatrics. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:1440-5.10.1086/5164779180184
]Search in Google Scholar
[
30. Park CW et al. Detection rates of bacteria in chronic otitis media with effusion in children. J K Med Scien. 2004;19:735-8.10.3346/jkms.2004.19.5.735281634015483353
]Search in Google Scholar
[
31. Watson KC, Kerr EJ, Hinks CA. Distribution of biotypes of Haemophilus influenzae and H. parainfluenzae in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Pathol. 1985;38:750-53.10.1136/jcp.38.7.7504992983874885
]Search in Google Scholar
[
32. Houang et al. Comparison of genital and respiratory carriage of Haemophilus parainfluenzae in men. J Med Microbiol. 1989;28: 119-23.10.1099/00222615-28-2-1192644431
]Search in Google Scholar
[
33. Martel, AY, St-Laurent G, Dansereau LA, Bergeron MG. Isolation and biochemical characterization of Haemophilus species isolated simultaneously from the oropharyngeal and anogenital areas. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:1486-9.10.1128/jcm.27.7.1486-1489.19892676002671014
]Search in Google Scholar
[
34. Taylor DC et al. Biotypes of Haemophilus parainfluenzae from the respiratory secretions in chronic bronchitis. J Med Microbiol. 1992;36:279-82.10.1099/00222615-36-4-2791560450
]Search in Google Scholar
[
35. Rhind GB, Gould GA, Ahmad F, Croughan MJ, Calder MA. Haemophilus biotypes in respiratory disease. Thorax. 1987;42:151-2.10.1136/thx.42.2.1514606523433240
]Search in Google Scholar
[
36. Knobloch JK, Von Osten H, Horstkotte MA, Rohde H, Mack D. Minimal attachment killing (MAK): a versatile method for susceptibility testing of attached biofilm-positive and –negative Staphylococcus epidermidis. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2002;191: 107-14.10.1007/s00430-002-0125-212410350
]Search in Google Scholar
[
37. Zhang XS, Garcia-Contreras R, Wood TK.. YcfR (BhsA) influences Escherichia coli biofilm formation through stress response and surface hydrophobicity. J Bacteriol. 2007;189:3051-62.10.1128/JB.01832-06185584417293424
]Search in Google Scholar
[
38. Das MP. Effect of cell surface hydrophobicity in microbial biofilm formation. Euro J Exp Bio. 2014;4: 254-6.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
39. Paluch-Oleś J et al. The phenotypic and genetic biofilm formation characteristics of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates in children with otitis media. I J of Pediatr Otorhinolar. 2011;75:126-30.10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.10.02521093067
]Search in Google Scholar
[
40. Kosikowska et al. Nasopharyngeal and adenoid colonization by Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae in children undergoing adenoidectomy and the ability of bacterial isolates to biofilm production. Medicine. 2015;94:799.10.1097/MD.0000000000000799460252225950686
]Search in Google Scholar
[
41. Kosikowska et al. Changes in the prevalence and biofilm formation of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae from the respiratory microbiota of patients with sarcoidosis. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:449.10.1186/s12879-016-1793-7500041327562460
]Search in Google Scholar
[
42. Burmolle M, Bahl MI, Jensen LB, Sorensen SJ, Hansen LH. Type 3 fimbriae, encoded by the conjugative plasmid pOLA52, enhance biofilm formation and transfer frequencies in Enterobacteriaceae strains. Microbiol. 2008;154:187-95.10.1099/mic.0.2007/010454-018174137
]Search in Google Scholar
[
43. Hoiby N, Bjarnsholt T, Givskov M, Molin S, Ciofu O. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms. Inter J Antimicrob Ag. 2010;35: 322-32.10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.01120149602
]Search in Google Scholar
[
44. Jensen PO, Givskov M, Bjarnsholt T, Moser C. The immune system vs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. FEMS Immunol Med Mic. 2010;59:292-305.10.1111/j.1574-695X.2010.00706.x20579098
]Search in Google Scholar
[
45. Daniel M, Imtiaz-Umer S, Fergie N, Birchall JP, Bayston R. Bacterial involvement in otitis media with effusion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76:1416-22.10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.06.01322819485
]Search in Google Scholar